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research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

aim

A

a general statement of what the researcher intends to study

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

a prediction of what the researcher thinks will happen in their study

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3
Q

directional hypothesis

A

states the direction of the difference or relationship

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4
Q

non-directional

A

does not state the direction of the difference or relationship.
the researcher says there will be a difference but doesn’t elaborate further.

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5
Q

null hypothesis

A

states there will be no difference in the direction or relationship

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6
Q

operationalisation

A

clearly defining variables in terms of how they are measured.

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7
Q

extraneous variables

A

any other variables apart from the IV that might have an effect on the DV.

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8
Q

types of EV

A

participant variable eg age
situational variable eg noise
experimenter variable eg appearance

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9
Q

confounding variable

A

any other variables apart from the IV that does have an effect on your DV

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10
Q

laboratory experiments

A

conducted in highly controlled environment. researcher has high levels of control over the IV and DV.

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11
Q

strengths of laboratory experiments

A

high control over all variables - allows cause + effect relationship to be established.
easily replicable which allows you to determine whether your results are reliable as it uses standardised procedures

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12
Q

limitations of lab experiments

A

artificial environment so lack of ecological validity - cannot be generalised to everyday life.
demand characteristics - when a participant changes their behaviour because they know they are part of research .

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13
Q

Field experiments

A

Real life setting.
IV is manipulated and effect on DV is measured

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14
Q

Strengths of field experiments

A

Real life environment so high levels of ecological validity
Lower levels of demand characteristics - higher validity

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15
Q

Limitations of field experiments

A

Less control over EVs so difficult to establish cause and effect relationship
Hard to replicate due to lack of standardised procedures
Ethical issues - participants unaware they’re part of study so lack of informed consent

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16
Q

Natural experiments

A

Real life settings
IV changes naturally and effect it has on DV is measured

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17
Q

Strengths of natural experiments

A

Often able to study events that would not be ethically or practically possible

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18
Q

Limitations of natural experiments

A

Some experiments are rare so difficult to replicate. This lowers reliability
Lees control over EVs makes it difficult to establish cause + effect relationship

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19
Q

Quasi experiments

A

In a controlled setting
IV hasn’t been chosen by researcher. It is fixed and cannot be manipulated
Eg. You can’t change a persons age

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20
Q

Strengths of Quasi experiments

A

high control over all variables - allows cause + effect relationship to be established.
easily replicable which allows you to determine whether your results are reliable as it uses standardised procedures

21
Q

Limitations of quasi experiments

A

artificial environment so lack of ecological validity - cannot be generalised to everyday life.
demand characteristics - when a participant changes their behaviour because they know they are part of research .

22
Q

Target population

A

A large group of people the researcher is interested in studying

23
Q

Representative

A

A sample that reflects the target population

24
Q

Generalisation

A

The extent to which findings can be broadly applied to the population

25
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Recruit people who are most available to use. Eg people in street
Produces an unrepresentative sample

26
Q

Strengths of opportunity sampling

A

Convenient - little time spent gathering sample
Cost effective

27
Q

Limitations of opportunity sampling

A

Researcher bias
Bias- when/were you collect sample may affect representativeness

28
Q

Random sampling

A

Each member of target population has equal chance of being chosen
Produces representative sample
‘Lottery method’

29
Q

Strengths of random sampling

A

No researcher bias

30
Q

Limitations of random sampling

A

Time consuming
‘Freak sample’ - you could still end up with unrepresentative sample

31
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Subgroups within a population are selected eg boys and girls
Need to identify strata that make up target population

32
Q

Strengths of stratified sampling

A

No researcher bias

33
Q

Limitations of stratified sampling

A

Sometimes impossible- not all identified strata within population can be represented in sample

34
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Use a predetermined system to select participants eg every nth participant

35
Q

Strengths of systematic sampling

A

No researcher bias

36
Q

Limitations of systematic sampling

A

‘Freak sample’

37
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

Participants select themselves to take part in study
Ad in newspaper

38
Q

Strengths of volunteer sampling

A

Easy sample for researcher
Cost effective

39
Q

Limitations of volunteer sampling

A

Volunteer bias
No sample - no one might respond to ad

40
Q

Independent groups

A

Participant only takes part in 1 condition

41
Q

Strengths of independent groups

A

Not affected by order effects
Not affected by demand characteristics - less chance they will guess aim / change behaviour

42
Q

Limitations of independent groups

A

More participants - time consuming
Individual differences of participants

43
Q

Repeated measures

A

Participant takes part in both conditions

44
Q

Strengths of repeated measures

A

No individual differences
Fewer participants

45
Q

Limitations of repeated measures

A

Order effects
Demand characteristics

46
Q

Matched pairs

A

Matched in terms of age, IQ etc
Participant A does condition 1, B does condition 2

47
Q

Strengths of matched pairs

A

No order effects
Lees likely to be affected by demand characteristics
Less individual differences

48
Q

Limitations of matched pairs

A

More participants needed - time consuming
Matching people is difficult

49
Q

How to overcome issues with experimental designs

A

Random allocation - tries to control individual differences in participants. Each P has equal chance of being allocated either condition
Names on paper and pulled out hat
Counter balancing - controls order effects. Half do condition 1 first other half do other

psychology (27 decks)

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