Obedience

Question 1

Obedience

Answer 1

Changing our behaviour in response to direct orders from a perceived authority figure or the rules and laws of society

Question 2

Milgram’s electric shock study

Answer 2

40 male Americans who volunteered
Study took place in Milgrams lab at Yale uni
Participants would always be teacher and confederates would be the learner
Shock machine would increase by 15V every time there was an incorrect answer up to 450V
The experimenter used 4 prods to order teacher to continue

Question 3

Milgrams findings

Answer 3

All participants went to 300V
12.5% stopped at 300V
65% went to highest 450V which is lethal.
Observations showed extreme signs of distress, sweating.
Three participants reported as having full blown seizures.
They were debriefed after experiment - 84% said they were happy to have taken part.

Question 4

Milgrams conclusions

Answer 4

People did obey instructions given to them by perceived authority figure
His idea that it was the German people including Nazi soldiers that were inherently more obedient was proven false
The American citizens in a study where equally has obedient

Question 5

Ethical issues in Milgrams study

Answer 5

Informed consent - volunteers weren’t given all info regarding obedience task so couldn’t give consent
Deception - volunteers not told that experiment and learners were confederates. Also not told that shock machine was fake.
Protection from harm - some had seizures
Privacy - known recordings of experiment so we can see the men that took part
Right to withdraw- Ps encouraged to continue by the experimenter

Question 6

Evaluation of Milgram
Strength
Supported by other studies

Answer 6

P: supported by other studies
E: Hopling arranged for an unknown doctor to ring 22 nurses and ask them individually to administer an overdose of a drug that wasn’t on their ward list. 95% of nurses went to administer the drug.
C: proves that peoples actions are influenced by figures that we think are authoritative. Increases reliability as both studies have similar findings so can be generalised to most of the population.

Question 7

Evaluation of Milgram
Strength
Conducted in lab setting

Answer 7

P: conducted in lab setting
E: researcher had high control over EVs So higher ecological validity.
Milgram also used standardised procedures e.g. the participants were always the teacher
C: Milgram was able to establish a C+E relationship e.g. an authoritative figure caused obedience in participants. Using standardised procedures increases reliability.

Question 8

Limitation of Milgram study
Artificial environment

Answer 8

P: artificial environment
E: participants the participants may have realised that the learner wasn’t actually being shocked so went up to the higher voltages.
C: lack ecological validity meaning they can’t be generalised every day life.
The results from this study do not tell as much about obedience in real life

Question 9

Limitation of Milgrams study
Sample

Answer 9

P: sample only consisted of US males
E: Androcentric sample - only contains men. So results can’t be generalised to women
C: Milgrams work displays Beta bias as we are ignoring any possible differences between men and women. We don’t know if women would be obedient in the same way

Question 10

Milgrams variations

Answer 10

Milgram conducted variations of his experiment
He wanted to see how these variations affected obedience rates
- proximity - location - uniform

Question 11

Milgrams variations
Proximity - teacher and authority figure

Answer 11

Milgram changed how close the teacher was away from the authority figure (experiment in white lab coat)
Experimenter left the room and gave orders over the phone – obedience dropped to 20.5%
participant may have felt that there wasn’t an immediate threat of physical punishment if they disobeyed + may have felt more in control

Question 12

Milgrams variations
Proximity - teacher and learner

Answer 12

Milgram had the teacher and learner in the same room so they could see each other - obedience dropped to 40%.
This drop and obedience is probably caused by the teacher seeing the learner in pain which may have caused guilt so they would stop pressing the buzzer.

Question 13

Milgrams variations
Uniform

Answer 13

In original experiment, the white lab coat symbolised authority
In this variation he used to confederate in normal clothes - obedience dropped to 20%
When uniform is taken away, symbol of authority is lost so participant thinks they don’t have to obey them

Question 14

Milgrams variations
Location

Answer 14

Milgram moved from the lab at Yale Uni to a rundown building
Obedience dropped from 65% to 47.5%
When location is moved from prestigious uni to rundown building the participants may have felt less trusting of environment so felt inclined to disobey experimenter

Question 15

Strength of Milgrams variations
Conducted in controlled setting

Answer 15

P: conducted in controlled setting
E: this means that he would have high control over EVs
C: he could establish a C+E relationship. Eg it allowed Milgram to establish a relationship between the presence of a uniform symbolising authority and the obedience roles in participants

Question 16

Strength of Milgram variations
Repeated around the world

Answer 16

P: repeated around the world (cross cultural research)
E: one replication found that Spanish students shared a 90% obedience rate when asked to administer electric shocks to the learner
C: it shows that obedience rates are high across the world. We can argue that Milgrams replications have reliability as consistent results have been found as well as in different countries.

Question 17

Limitation of Milgrams variations
Replications take place in Western cultures

Answer 17

P: the replications tend to take place in individualistic (western) cultures eg Spain
E: individualistic cultures tend to focus on the well-being of the individual rather than the group, therefore seen as culturally different
C: we therefore don’t know whether obedience would be affected by location, proximity and uniform around the world. so the findings can’t be generalised to all countries

Question 18

Limitation of Milgrams variations
Lack internal validity

Answer 18

P: they lack internal validity as did his original study
E: researchers have argued that even in his variation studies that participants guessed that the electric shocks were fake. This shows demand characteristics having an effect on results gained and in his variation studies It was more likely to have been seen.
C: Milgram didn’t measure what he set out to eg how location affects obedience as the change in participants behaviour negatively skewed his results

Question 19

Explanations of obedience
1. Agentic state

Answer 19

When people allow others to direct their actions, and then pass off their responsibility for the consequences to the person giving the order - more likely to obey

Question 20

Autonomous state

Answer 20

The autonomous state is when people direct their own actions, and they take responsibility for the result of those actions - less likely to obey
The agentic shift happens when people move from a state of autonomy towards an agentic state

Question 21

Strength of agentic state
Supportive evidence

Answer 21

P: Blass and Schmitt showed students a video of Milgrams study and asked ‘who was responsible for any harm caused?’ They said ‘the experimenter’ as he was in charge
E: they believed that the blame and responsibility was solely the authority figures
C: this supports the theory as it shows that responsibility was shifted onto authority figure and Ps we’re acting as agents

Question 22

Limitation of agentic state
Why some people resist

Answer 22

P: it does not explain why some people resist the pressure to obey
E: it can’t explain why some situations or individual differences make it easier for some to resist eg it can’t explain why 12.5% of people resisted pressure to obey and stopped at 300V
C: incomplete explanation of obedience

Question 23

Explanations of obedience
2. Legitimacy of authority

Answer 23

More likely to obey people we perceive to have authority over us due to their position of power
To be put into agentic state you must be following orders of authority figure. You follow the instructions and place all responsibility on authority figure

Question 24

Strength of legitimacy of authority
Real life application

Answer 24

P: real life application eg Mai Lai massacre
E: during Vietnam war, under orders US army attacked a village. Homes set on fire, raped women etc. 175-500 people died. When on trial the soldiers claimed they were just following orders from high ranking officers
C: lower ranking soldiers accepted higher ranks as legitimate authority figure.

Question 25

Strength of legitimacy of authority
Cultural differences

Answer 25

P: it takes into account cultural differences (cross cultural research)
E: Kiham + Mann found that in Australia there was only a 16% obedience level but Mantrell found that in Germany there was 85% obedience level
C: shows how authority figures differ from culture to culture eg in some countries authority is more likely to be accepted therefore obedience is higher.

Question 26

Explanations of obedience
3. Authoritarian personality

Answer 26

Dispositional explanation of obedience. Possessing this personality type makes you more likely to obey orders given to you by authority figure
Measured by questionnaire - F scale

Question 27

Characteristics of authoritarian personality

Answer 27

Hostile to those in lower status
Highly obedient to higher status
Rigid thinking

Question 28

Causes of authoritarian personality

Answer 28

Strict parenting
Absolutely loyalty
Criticisms of failure
Conditional love

Question 29

Authoritarian personality research - Adorno et al

Answer 29

He studied 2000 middle class white Americans and their unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups
They developed F scale

Question 30

Adorno et al findings

Answer 30

People with authoritarian learnings identified with strong people and were contemptuous of the weak
Conscious of status and showed lots of respect to higher status
AP had a certain cognitive style in which they had fixed stereotypes about other groups

Question 31

Strength of authoritarian personality
Supportive research

Answer 31

P: supportive research
E: Milgram + Elms gave F scale questionnaire to fully obedient Ps. These Ps scored highly on F scale and were more likely to have AP
C: shows having an AP is highly linked with obedience but this was only a correlation. Correlations only suggest a link they cannot establish a C+E relationship

Question 32

Limitation of authoritarian personality
Limited explanation for obedience

Answer 32

P: limited explanation for obedience
E: Adorno at all argue that all the American population possessed the same personality type – AP. Thus explaining the atrocities of the holocaust
C: it seems highly unlikely that a whole population has the same personality type. Also there would actually be no way of proving this theory to be correct e.g. giving millions of people the scale would be impossible.

Question 33

Limitation of authoritarian personality
Questionnaire

Answer 33

P: questionnaire
E: in questionnaires participants might display social desirability. This could be changing your answers to give people what you think they want or because they have extreme views
C: lowers the validity of the results as they weren’t reflect peoples real opinions therefore not studying the AP

Question 34

Limitation of authoritarian personality
Researcher bias

Answer 34

P: Adorno created the AP explanation as well as conducting the supporting studies
E: he may have displayed researcher bias. He may have been looking for results that supported his hypothesis; APs caused obedience or skewed his data to support his theory in someway
C: if researcher bias has occurred then this lowers validity