Research, Methodology, and Performance Management

Question 1

What type of research describes the effects of age, growth or maturation?

Developmental Research
Experimental Research
Observational Research
Self-report research

Answer 1

Developmental Research

Question 2

Formative evaluation occurs:

during the process
before the process is set up
during all three stages
after the process

Answer 2

during the process

Question 3

Which type of research takes the most time?

Longitudinal Developmental
Cross-sectional Developmental
Sociological Development
Latitudinal Developmental

Answer 3

Longitudinal Developmental

Question 4

Experimental research seeks to determine:

cause and effect
general transferability
specific answers
medical correlations

Answer 4

cause and effect

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a reason that Rehabilitation Counselors should seek out evidence based research?

justification of services
effectiveness of services
validity of needs
taken at face value without consideration of individual needs

Answer 5

taken at face value without consideration of individual needs

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of summative program evaluation?

long term program results
outcome
how a program is delievered
short term program results

Answer 6

how a program is delievered

Question 7

Type II Error is:

a statement that there will be no correlation between variables

when the null hypothesis was mistakenly taken to be false when it was in fact true

the result of a cause-effect relationship

when the null hypothesis was accepted as true when it was in fact false

Answer 7

when the null hypothesis was accepted as true when it was in fact false

Question 8

Generalizability is:

the description of the effects of age, growth, or maturation

the extent to which results found for a sample can be applied to a larger population

a probability value set for concluding there are differences in the studied data

the extent to which the results found in the population can be applied to the sample

Answer 8

the extent to which results found for a sample can be applied to a larger population

Question 9

Primary evidence:

includes sources which provide an outside evaluation

comes from an outside or secondary analysis

comes directly from primary sources and includes original data

includes sources which provide original data without any outside evaluation

Answer 9

comes directly from primary sources and includes original data

Question 10

The two main types of evaluation are:

generalized and data-driven
analytical and subjective
formative and summative
descriptive and objective

Answer 10

formative and summative

Question 11

Observational research:

involves comparing subjects of the same age over time

is always impacted by bias

must occur under natural conditions

can occur under natural or simulated conditions

Answer 11

can occur under natural or simulated conditions

Question 12

What leadership style is defined as “Highly focused on rules, policies, and procedures allowing for little, if any variation from rules and regulations?

Task Oriented
Autocratic
Charismatic
Bureaucratic

Answer 12

Bureaucratic

Question 13

What organizational development intervention type is defined as “Activities designed to improve the effectiveness of interdependent groups which must work together to produce desired outcomes. The focus rests on joint activities rather than distinct sub-groupings.”?

Process Consultation
Team-Building
Life/Career Planning
Intergroup

Answer 13

Intergroup

Question 14

___________ is defined as a statement that there will be no correlation between variables or no difference between groups:

Null Hypothesis
Type I Error
Type II Error
Significance Level

Answer 14

Null Hypothesis

Question 15

Experimental research is different from descriptive research in that there is a(n):

experimental group
null hypothesis
control group
observation group

Answer 15

control group

Question 16

_____ the collection and synthesis of systematic evidence about the use, operation, and effects of someplanned set of procedures”

Answer 16

Program evaluation

Question 17

______ is a process of naturalistic inquiry where the investigator seeks an in-
depth understanding of naturally occurring phenomena within the natural setting

Answer 17

Qualitative Research

Question 18

____is a process of objective measurement in which the investigator seeks an understanding of phenomena through the analysis of statistical, mathematical, or
numerical data.

Answer 18

Quantitiative Research

Question 19

___refers generally to the use of two or more research methods—one from each of the quantitative and qualitative research approaches. These approaches may also be referred to as a ‘blended’ or combined method.

Answer 19

Mixed methods research

Question 20

_____ : is the variable which is manipulated by the investigator in an experiment and may have an impact upon the dependent variable but
is not impacted by a dependent variable.

Answer 20

Independent Variable

Question 21

______ is expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable in an experiment—it is the variable the investigator measures in both the control and experimental groups.

Answer 21

Dependent Variable

Question 22

_____are the central focus of empirical inquiry and guide research activity such as determining methodology, statistical analysis, and reporting of findings.

Answer 22

Research Questions

Question 23

_____ is equivalent to the negation of, and is tenable upon, the rejection of the null hypothesis.

Answer 23

Alternative Hypothesis

Question 24

____ is a statement that there will be no correlation between variables or no difference between groups.

Answer 24

Null Hypothesis

Question 25

______ refers to instances when the null hypothesis was mistakenly taken to be false when it was in fact true (i.e., the researchers concluded there were significant differences when there were not).

Answer 25

Type I Error

Question 26

_____ occurs when the null hypothesis was accepted as true when it was in fact false (i.e., the researchers concluded there were no significant effects when there actually were).

Answer 26

Type II Error

Question 27

________ is a ‘probability value set’ for identifying differences in the studied data that can not be attributed to chance. A significance level of p < .05 means that - given the sample size - the data differences would occur by chance only 1 time in 20. Correspondingly a significance level of p < .01 means that results can be attributed to chance only 1 time in 100.

Answer 27

Significance Level

Question 28

_______ refers to the larger group the study is hoping to learn more about. Since populations are usually too large to measure every member, so a sample is taken and the results for the sample are generalized to it

Answer 28

Population

Question 29

_______ is the term for he group of subjects being studied. The ____ should be representative of some larger population that it was drawn from so that results obtained for the sample may be generalized to that population. If the _____ differs from the larger population it is meant to represent, the ability to apply findings to the larger group are reduced. This is a common limitation of research studies

Answer 29

Sample

Question 30

_____ is defined as a preference or inclination of the investigator which inhibits impartial judgment.

Answer 30

Bias

Question 31

______ is the extent to which results - found for a sample - can be applied to populations other than those originally studied. A sample should be representative of the population from which it is drawn if it is to be generalizable to the broader population.

Answer 31

Generalizability

Question 32

____ is the extent to which (or how well) an inquiry measures what it was designed to measure.

Answer 32

Validity

Question 33

_____ is the consistency with which the same instrument, test, or procedure yields the same results.

Answer 33

Reliability

Question 34

____ involves testing hypotheses or answering questions about the current status of the subject of study

Answer 34

Descriptive research

Question 35

Every kind of research other than ___ is descriptive.

Answer 35

Experimental

Question 36

What are three types of descriptive research methods that are frequently used?

Answer 36

Developmental Observational Self-Report

Question 37

How is experimental research different from descriptive research?

Answer 37

There is a control group

Question 38

What are barriers to evidence-based practices use in research?

Answer 38

Lack of adequate education and preparation Time Constraints Low levels of practical application Insufficient knowledge translation Lack of organizational Support Weak theoretical base

Question 39

What are barriers to evidence-based practices use?

Answer 39

Lack of adequate education and preparation Time Constraints Low levels of practical application Insufficient know

Question 40

____ defines a systematic review as “a review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research and to collect and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review.”

Answer 40

Cochrane Collaboration

Question 41

_____a specific kind of systematic review that uses quantitative methods to combine data from various studies.

Answer 41

Meta-Analysis

Question 42

Which type of Organizational Development method identifies important information such as the status of a problem or the current state of the organization. Methods may include traditional data collection like interviews, surveys, meetings, and document analysis. Methods can also be creative in nature.

Answer 42

Diagnostic

Question 43

Which type of Organizational Development method, enhances the effectiveness of teams. They focus on skill-building, team building, leadership, and efficiency. Team type is also considered such as formal work teams, newly organized teams, and cross-function teams.

Answer 43

Team building

Question 44

Which type of Organizational Development method, improves the effectiveness of groups that work together to produce desired outcomes. Activities focus on joint activities rather than specific subgroups.

Answer 44

Inter group

Question 45

Which type of Organizational Development method, involves consulting with an organization to help them understand human processes in the context of their organizations, and showing them how to diagnose issues and manage people effectively. Examples include training in communications, personnel roles in groups, problem solving and decision making, group growth, leadership, and intergroup cooperation.

Answer 45

Process Consultation

Question 46

Which type of Organizational Development method, is a six-phase change model involving the entire organization. Internal personnel are trained to conduct most of the programs, which may take from three to five years to complete. The model progresses through the following stages: 1. upgrading individual manager leadership abilities; 2. team improvement; 3. intergroup relations; 4. corporate planning for improvement; 5. developing implementation strategies; and 6. evaluation to measure change and plan for the future.

Answer 46

Grid Organizational Development

Question 47

Organizational Development that, helps individuals create life and career goals and the identify steps needed to achieve them. Activities include life and career inventories, identifying goals and objectives, areas of strength and weakness, and additional training.

Answer 47

Life/Career Planning

Question 48

Organizational Development, that improves skills at the individual, group, and organizational levels. Activities include planning and goal setting, problem-solving, current versus future-state (gap models), etc.

Answer 48

Planning/goal setting