Research, Methodology, and Performance Management Flashcards

1
Q

What type of research describes the effects of age, growth or maturation?

Developmental Research
Experimental Research
Observational Research
Self-report research

A

Developmental Research

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2
Q

Formative evaluation occurs:

during the process
before the process is set up
during all three stages
after the process

A

during the process

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3
Q

Which type of research takes the most time?

Longitudinal Developmental
Cross-sectional Developmental
Sociological Development
Latitudinal Developmental

A

Longitudinal Developmental

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4
Q

Experimental research seeks to determine:

cause and effect
general transferability
specific answers
medical correlations

A

cause and effect

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT a reason that Rehabilitation Counselors should seek out evidence based research?

justification of services
effectiveness of services
validity of needs
taken at face value without consideration of individual needs

A

taken at face value without consideration of individual needs

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6
Q

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of summative program evaluation?

long term program results
outcome
how a program is delievered
short term program results

A

how a program is delievered

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7
Q

Type II Error is:

a statement that there will be no correlation between variables

when the null hypothesis was mistakenly taken to be false when it was in fact true

the result of a cause-effect relationship

when the null hypothesis was accepted as true when it was in fact false

A

when the null hypothesis was accepted as true when it was in fact false

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8
Q

Generalizability is:

the description of the effects of age, growth, or maturation

the extent to which results found for a sample can be applied to a larger population

a probability value set for concluding there are differences in the studied data

the extent to which the results found in the population can be applied to the sample

A

the extent to which results found for a sample can be applied to a larger population

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9
Q

Primary evidence:

includes sources which provide an outside evaluation

comes from an outside or secondary analysis

comes directly from primary sources and includes original data

includes sources which provide original data without any outside evaluation

A

comes directly from primary sources and includes original data

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10
Q

The two main types of evaluation are:

generalized and data-driven
analytical and subjective
formative and summative
descriptive and objective

A

formative and summative

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11
Q

Observational research:

involves comparing subjects of the same age over time

is always impacted by bias

must occur under natural conditions

can occur under natural or simulated conditions

A

can occur under natural or simulated conditions

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12
Q

What leadership style is defined as “Highly focused on rules, policies, and procedures allowing for little, if any variation from rules and regulations?

Task Oriented
Autocratic
Charismatic
Bureaucratic

A

Bureaucratic

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13
Q

What organizational development intervention type is defined as “Activities designed to improve the effectiveness of interdependent groups which must work together to produce desired outcomes. The focus rests on joint activities rather than distinct sub-groupings.”?

Process Consultation
Team-Building
Life/Career Planning
Intergroup

A

Intergroup

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14
Q

___________ is defined as a statement that there will be no correlation between variables or no difference between groups:

Null Hypothesis
Type I Error
Type II Error
Significance Level

A

Null Hypothesis

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15
Q

Experimental research is different from descriptive research in that there is a(n):

experimental group
null hypothesis
control group
observation group

A

control group

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16
Q

_____ the collection and synthesis of systematic evidence about the use, operation, and effects of someplanned set of procedures”

A

Program evaluation

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17
Q

______ is a process of naturalistic inquiry where the investigator seeks an in-
depth understanding of naturally occurring phenomena within the natural setting

A

Qualitative Research

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18
Q

____is a process of objective measurement in which the investigator seeks an understanding of phenomena through the analysis of statistical, mathematical, or
numerical data.

A

Quantitiative Research

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19
Q

___refers generally to the use of two or more research methods—one from each of the quantitative and qualitative research approaches. These approaches may also be referred to as a ‘blended’ or combined method.

A

Mixed methods research

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20
Q

_____ : is the variable which is manipulated by the investigator in an experiment and may have an impact upon the dependent variable but
is not impacted by a dependent variable.

A

Independent Variable

21
Q

______ is expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable in an experiment—it is the variable the investigator measures in both the control and experimental groups.

A

Dependent Variable

22
Q

_____are the central focus of empirical inquiry and guide research activity such as determining methodology, statistical analysis, and reporting of findings.

A

Research Questions

23
Q

_____ is equivalent to the negation of, and is tenable upon, the rejection of the null hypothesis.

A

Alternative Hypothesis

24
Q

____ is a statement that there will be no correlation between variables or no difference between groups.

A

Null Hypothesis

25
Q

______ refers to instances when the null hypothesis was mistakenly taken to be false when it was in fact true (i.e., the researchers concluded there were significant differences when there were not).

A

Type I Error

26
Q

_____ occurs when the null hypothesis was accepted as true when it was in fact false (i.e., the researchers concluded there were no significant effects when there actually were).

A

Type II Error

27
Q

________ is a ‘probability value set’ for identifying differences in the studied data
that can not be attributed to chance. A significance level of p < .05 means that - given the
sample size - the data differences would occur by chance only 1 time in 20. Correspondingly a
significance level of p < .01 means that results can be attributed to chance only 1 time in
100.

A

Significance Level

28
Q

_______ refers to the larger group the study is hoping to learn more about. Since populations are usually too large to measure every member, so a sample is taken and the results for the sample are generalized to it

A

Population

29
Q

_______ is the term for he group of subjects being studied. The ____ should be
representative of some larger population that it was drawn from so that results obtained for
the sample may be generalized to that population. If the _____ differs from the larger
population it is meant to represent, the ability to apply findings to the larger group are
reduced. This is a common limitation of research studies

A

Sample

30
Q

_____ is defined as a preference or inclination of the investigator which inhibits impartial
judgment.

A

Bias

31
Q

______ is the extent to which results - found for a sample - can be applied to populations other than those originally studied. A sample should be representative of the population from which it is drawn if it is to be generalizable to the broader population.

A

Generalizability

32
Q

____ is the extent to which (or how well) an inquiry measures what it was designed to
measure.

A

Validity

33
Q

_____ is the consistency with which the same instrument, test, or procedure yields the
same results.

A

Reliability

34
Q

____ involves testing hypotheses or answering questions about the current status of the subject of study

A

Descriptive research

35
Q

Every kind of research other than ___ is descriptive.

A

Experimental

36
Q

What are three types of descriptive research methods that are frequently used?

A

Developmental
Observational
Self-Report

37
Q

How is experimental research different from descriptive research?

A

There is a control group

38
Q

What are barriers to evidence-based practices use in research?

A

Lack of adequate education and preparation

Time Constraints

Low levels of practical application

Insufficient knowledge translation

Lack of organizational Support

Weak theoretical base

39
Q

What are barriers to evidence-based practices use?

A

Lack of adequate education and preparation

Time Constraints

Low levels of practical application

Insufficient know

40
Q

____ defines a systematic review as “a review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research and to collect and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review.”

A

Cochrane Collaboration

41
Q

_____a specific kind of systematic review that uses quantitative methods to combine data from various studies.

A

Meta-Analysis

42
Q

Which type of Organizational Development method identifies important information such as the status of a problem or the current state of the organization. Methods may include traditional data collection like
interviews, surveys, meetings, and document analysis. Methods can also be creative in
nature.

A

Diagnostic

43
Q

Which type of Organizational Development method, enhances the effectiveness of teams. They focus on skill-building, team building, leadership, and efficiency. Team type is also considered such as formal work teams, newly organized teams, and cross-function teams.

A

Team building

44
Q

Which type of Organizational Development method, improves the effectiveness of groups that work together to produce desired outcomes. Activities focus on joint activities rather than specific subgroups.

A

Inter group

45
Q

Which type of Organizational Development method, involves consulting with an organization to help them understand human processes in the context of their organizations, and showing them how to diagnose issues and manage people effectively. Examples include training in communications, personnel roles in groups, problem solving and decision making, group growth, leadership,
and intergroup cooperation.

A

Process Consultation

46
Q

Which type of Organizational Development method, is a six-phase change model involving the entire
organization. Internal personnel are trained to conduct most of the programs, which may
take from three to five years to complete. The model progresses through the following
stages: 1. upgrading individual manager leadership abilities; 2. team improvement; 3.
intergroup relations; 4. corporate planning for improvement; 5. developing implementation
strategies; and 6. evaluation to measure change and plan for the future.

A

Grid Organizational Development

47
Q

Organizational Development that, helps individuals create life and career goals and the identify steps
needed to achieve them. Activities include life and career inventories, identifying goals and
objectives, areas of strength and weakness, and additional training.

A

Life/Career Planning

48
Q

Organizational Development, that improves skills at the individual, group, and organizational levels.
Activities include planning and goal setting, problem-solving, current versus future-state
(gap models), etc.

A

Planning/goal setting