Counseling Theories, Techniques, and Evidence-Based Practice Flashcards
1
Q
Which counseling theory purports that clients are able to solve their own problems, as long as the counselor provides a few key characteristics to the relationship?
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
Person (Client) Centered Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Gestalt Therapy
A
Person (Client) Centered Therapy
2
Q
In Person-Centered Therapy, phenomenology refers to the idea that…
the client’s perception of reality is more important than the event itself
avoiding advice and interpretation is necessary
clients should become all that they are capable of becoming
understanding the client’s feelings and problems is more important than solving them
A
the client’s perception of reality is more important than the event itself
3
Q
The ABC Model is an aspect of which counseling theory?
Person-centered Counseling
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Adlerian Counseling Theory
Transactional Analysis
A
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
4
Q
Which type of therapist is particularly detached during therapy?
Client-centered
Psychoanalytic
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Adlerian
A
Psychoanalytic
5
Q
The goal of which counseling theory is to assist people in changing self-defeating thoughts and behaviors?
Adlerian Therapy
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Gestalt Therapy
Reality Therapy
A
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
6
Q
The Id is the part of the personality that…
prevents undesirable impulses
contains our basic impulses like sex, anger, and hunger
maintains a balance between our impulses and conscience
represents the conscience
A
contains our basic impulses like sex, anger, and hunger
7
Q
Which is the most advanced form of analysis in Eric Berne’s theory?
script analysis
game analysis
transactional analysis
structural analysis
A
script analysis
8
Q
You are working with a client who has some negative personality attributes which you feel are important to discuss. The client responds positively to you, but when her mother says something, she is very rude to her. Which defense mechanism would the client be displaying?
Sublimation
Introjection
Displacement
Reaction Formation
A
Displacement
9
Q
A therapist from which orientation would inquire about your family constellation or birth order…
Reality
Gestalt
Behaviorism
Adlerian
A
Gestalt
10
Q
In a situation where dogs are presented with meat as they hear a tone and they learn to salivate upon hearing the tone (without the meat) the conditioned stimulus would be…
the salivation
the tone and the meat simultaneously
the tone
the meat
A
the tone
11
Q
The defense mechanism a psychoanalyst would cite in the situation of an abused child becoming an abuser would be…
Compensation
Identification
Denial
Introjection
A
Introjection
12
Q
Who emphasized the idea of a collective unconscious?
Jung
Perls
Erikson
Adler
A
Jung
13
Q
Which counseling theorist stated that human development progresses in sequential stages and that each stage must be satisfactorily resolved for development to proceed unimpaired to the next?
May
Maslow
Fromm
Erikson
A
Erikson
14
Q
The name associated with Gestalt Therapy is…
Perls
Glasser
Rogers
Adler
A
Perls
15
Q
Systematic desensitization is often used with people who have which diagnosis?
Anxiety
Depression
Bipolar
Schizophrenia
A
Anxiety
16
Q
Reinforcing a behavior that resembles the target behavior is…
response cost
overcorrection
systematic desensitization
shaping
A
Shaping
17
Q
Why does social learning work?
It occurs so frequently – we always are learning
People do not need to experience consequences directly
People want to fit in
It does not
A
People do not need to experience consequences directly
18
Q
You and your client are discussing some issues related to his fears about interviewing. Some of the techniques you are using include active listening, non-directive responses, and clarification. What counseling theory would you be using?
Berne
Rogers
Freud
Perls
A
Rogers
19
Q
Which type of counseling is more of a philosophy than a specific technique?
Existentialism
Freudian therapy
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Multimodal therapy
A
Existentialism
20
Q
Saying what a client just said in a slightly different way is an example of
modeling
paraphrasing
summarizing
integrating
A
paraphrasing
21
Q
Jane, a VR client, recently became a widow after her husband died in a car accident. She believes that because her husband died in a car accident, she might die in an automobile accident as well. Therefore, she has decided that she will not ride in an automobile. You recognize that her belief that if she rides in a car she may die is irrational. You tell your client that this is an irrational thought and you challenge the thought that because her spouse died in an automobile accident, she will too. As her counselor, you help her understand that her husband’s death has no impact on her death. Which counseling theory would you be using?
Gestalt Counseling Theory
Person Centered Therapy
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Reality Therapy
A
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
22
Q
You and your client are discussing some issues related to his fears about interviewing. Normally, some of the techniques you are using include active listening, non-directive responses, and clarification. As you continue to work with your client you see that a theory that addresses the client’s ability to change self-defeating thoughts and behaviors would work better. What counseling theory would you be using?
Berne
Freud
Rogers
Ellis
A
Ellis
23
Q
Whose name is associated with person (client) centered therapy?
Adler
Bandura
Rogers
Ellis
A
Rogers
24
Q
In Person-Centered Therapy, congruence refers to…
empathy
similarity
reflection
genuineness
A
genuineness
25
______ is the foundation of the rehabilitation process.
Counseling
26
What is a skill that a counselor must possess to build an effective working alliance with clients?
• Attending and listening
• Open and closed questions
• Client observation skills
• Encouraging, paraphrasing, and summarizing
• Reflection of feeling
• The interview process (and asking questions)
• Confrontation
• Focusing
• Reflection of meaning and interpretation/reframing
• Influencing skills and counseling strategies
• Skill integration
Determining personal style and theory
27
Research suggests that a(n)______ and _____ style of counseling is common among vocational rehabilitation professionals.
Eclectic/ integrative
28
True or False: A one-size-fits-all theory should be applied to working with clients with disabilities since they all have similar needs.
False: the opposite is true. Disabilities similar in diagnosis can be similar but everyone’s experience is unique to the individual and can vary from person to person. Specific disabilities must be considered when choosing an approach.
29
Why would a counselor want to familiarize themselves with understanding a wide array of counseling approaches?
Identifying the overall approach and/or the components, techniques, and strategies that can best suit to individual consumer needs.
30
_______ Which theory advanced the field of psychology by developing and popularizing the first theory of personality and method of therapy. The focus of ______ is on instinctual drives, unconscious motivation and past experiences. Long-term, and therapist remains detached.
Psychoanalysis
31
What are the three parts of the psyche according to Freud in psychoanalysis?
ID
Ego
Superego
32
____ Part of the Psyche, (personality structure), created by freud that contains our primitative impulses and instinctual drives such as ex, anger, and hunger. Seeks satisfaction- to have needs met (once these are identified) without regard to how realistic this might be at the time.
ID
33
____ The rational part of the personality which maintains a balance between our impulses (ID) and out conscience (superego). Recognizes the constraints of reality and seeks to meet needs accordingly.
Ego
34
____ The rational part of the personality which maintains a balance between our impulses (ID) and out conscience (superego). Recognizes the constraints of reality and seeks to meet needs accordingly.
Ego
35
_____ The part of the personality that represents morality and a sense of right and wrong-our conscience
Superego
36
_____ The part of the personality that represents morality and a sense of right and wrong-our conscience
Superego
37
____ a client’s unconscious redirection of experiences, feelings, and attitudes, regarding someone else onto the therapist.
Transference
38
_____ the experiences feelings, attitudes of the therapist are placed upon the client in response to the client’s transference.
Countertransference
39
____ are psychological forces, used by the ego to deal with conflict and reduce tension and negative feelings, which prevent undesireable or inappropriate impulses form enterin consciousness.
Defense mechanisms
40
____ directing hostility toward a “safe” object (e.g., taking out your work frustration by being snippy with your spouse.)
Displacement
41
______ Redirecting sexual or aggressive energy into creative channels (e.g.,
exercising when sexual partner is unavailable); according to Freud, this is the only
healthy defense mechanism.
Sublimation
42
____________ Reverting to behavior that was outgrown. Moving from a more advanced stage to a lower stage (e.g., older children sucking thumbs).
Regression
43
_______ Believing or stating an acceptable explanation for a behavior as opposed to the real explanation.
Rationalization
44
__________ Attributing your own desires and impulses to others (e.g., accusing your spouse of cheating on you when you are actually considering cheating on your spouse).
Projection
45
_______ Lacking acknowledgement of a threatening reality.
Denial
46
_____ Actively expressing the opposite of a threatening impulse (e.g., accusing others of being gay when you are repressing homosexual feelings).
Reaction Formation
47
____ Blocking threatening or painful thoughts and feelings from entering consciousness.
Repression
48
______ Performing elaborate rituals as a way of undoing acts that you feel guilty about.
Ritual and Undoing
49
______ Developing positive traits to make up for limitations.
Compensation
50
_____ Enhancing self-worth and compensating for a sense of failure by identifying with people, organizations, or causes (e.g., a high school dropout joining a
gang).
Identification
51
______ Taking in another’s values and standards (e.g., an abused child becoming an abuser).
Introjection
52
Freud's psychosexual stages of development suggests personality develops through the following stage:birth to approximately 1 year of age. The primary focus of libidinal energy centers on the mouth.
Oral Stage
53
Freud's psychosexual stages of development suggests personality develops through the following stage:
Freud's psychosexual stages of development suggests personality develops through the following stage: : 1-3 years of age: The primary focus of libidinal energy centers on the anus.
Anal Stage
54
Freud's psychosexual stages of development suggests personality develops through the following stage: 3-6 years of age: During the phallic stage libidinal energy shifts toward the genitals. Attraction to the parent of the opposite sex occurs. Oedipus Complex: a boy's sexual attraction to his mother, fear of castration by his father, a viewing his father as a rival. Electra Complex: a girls sexual attraction to her father, viewing themother as a rival.
Phallic Stage
55
Freud's psychosexual stages of development suggests personality develops through the following stage: 6 years to puberty. libidinal energy in the latency stage sees a
decrease in sexual interest.
Latency Period
56
Freud's psychosexual stages of development suggests personality develops through the following stage: From puberty forward. The focus of libidinal energy centers on the
genitals and pubescence.
Genital Stage
57
________ viewed individuals as a whole organism (holism) and believed the
individual was indivisible (unlike Freud's tripartite theory of personality of the id, ego, and superego); the sum is greater than the parts. He also emphasized the importance of the interaction between the individual and their environment. Social connectedness was central to wellbeing and believed that individuals wanted to overcome their shortcomings and become self-actualized.
Alfred Adler
58
_______
1. Establishment of a cooperative client-therapist relationship;
2. Assessment of client problems, including analysis of early recollections, family
constellation, and dreams;
3. Insight into and interpretations of client statements
4. Reorientation to assist client in identifying more effective beliefs and behaviors.
Four stages of Adlerian therapy
59
Concept associated with Adlerian therapy, ____ The belief that people's goals for the future influence the present at least as much as the past (sometimes referred to as "soft-determinism" as opposed to Freud's "hard-determinism" which saw the past only as determining the future);
Teleology
60
Concept associated with Adlerian therapy, ____ Perceiving the family atmosphere rather than actual events as a critical toward developing a lifestyle;
Early recollections
61
Concept associated with Adlerian therapy, ____ The comprehensive mosaic of an individual's beliefs and goals in relation to others in their life, which constitutes their self-worth.
Lifestyle
62
Concept associated with Adlerian therapy, ____ Family is seen as a child's first social group. Their position in the family (birth order), family atmosphere, the emotional tenor of the home - among many other variables - influences lifestyle and goal development initially, by around the age of 6-7 years-old. Other social groups then begin to influence lifestyle andgoal development.
Family constellation and birth order
63
_____ developed client-centered therapy in response to his perception of the limitations of psychotherapy. It is sometimes referred to as “Rogerian” therapy.
Carl Rogers
64
According to_______, individuals are able to solve their own problems, as long
as the counselor provides Unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness.
person-centered therapy
65
________ Counselors value and accept clients regardless of the issues with which they may be struggling. Clients always enter counseling when they are troubled and they face choices. Counselors approach clients nonjudgmentally offering
support toward helping the client find their own answers.
Unconditional positive regard
66
_______ Understanding a client's thoughts, feelings, and experiences and sharing this
with them.
Empathy
67
______________ In person-centered therapy, the counselor-client
relationship must always be based on honesty. The counselor needs to hold the first two
values (unconditional positive regard and empathy), but also be authentic within the
counseling relationship. The first two values cannot truly be achieved without
authenticity.
Genuineness (congruence)
68
What is a key characteristic of a person-centered approach?
A) Directive advice and interpretation
B) Non-directive
C) Aggressive confrontation
D) Problem-solving focus
Answer: B) Non-directive
69
How is a non-threatening environment maintained in a person-centered approach?
A) By minimizing client input
B) Through unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness
C) By offering strict guidelines
D) By solving the client's problems for them
Answer: B) Through unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness
70
In a person-centered approach, counselors primarily aim to:
A) Offer direct solutions to problems
B) Understand the client’s problems and feelings
C) Evaluate the client's performance
D) Diagnose psychological disorders
Answer: B) Understand the client’s problems and feelings
71
Which of the following techniques are used in a person-centered approach?
A) Confrontation and advice
B) Active listening, reflection, and clarification
C) Interpretation and diagnosis
D) Persuasion and manipulation
Answer: B) Active listening, reflection, and clarification
72
The focus of a person-centered approach is primarily on:
A) The therapist’s perspective
B) The client’s phenomenological world
C) The history of the client's problems
D) External circumstances affecting the client
Answer: B) The client’s phenomenological world
73
What does phenomenology emphasize in a therapeutic context?
A) The objective reality of events
B) The therapist’s insights
C) The client’s perception of reality
D) The therapist’s experiences
Answer: C) The client’s perception of reality
74
In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, self-actualization refers to:
A) Meeting basic survival needs
B) Maximizing one’s potential and becoming all that one is capable of becoming
C) Gaining social acceptance
D) Achieving financial stability
Answer: B) Maximizing one’s potential and becoming all that one is capable of becoming
75
Which of the following is NOT a technique associated with a person-centered approach?
A) Reflection
B) Clarification
C) Diagnosis
D) Active listening
Answer: C) Diagnosis
76
What did Albert Ellis use to develop Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy?
The belief that people are able to act either rationally or irrationally.
Rational behavior = effective
Irrational behavior=ineffective and harmful
77
What is the primary goal of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?
A) To focus solely on the past
B) To assist people in changing self-defeating thoughts and behaviors
C) To analyze dreams and subconscious thoughts
D) To diagnose mental disorders
Answer: B) To assist people in changing self-defeating thoughts and behaviors
78
According to REBT, what influences feelings and behavior?
A) External circumstances
B) Thoughts
C) Past experiences
D) Social norms
Answer: B) Thoughts
79
What does the “ABC Model” in REBT stand for?
A) Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences
B) Action, Beliefs, Change
C) Activation, Behavior, Consequences
D) Assessment, Beliefs, Counseling
Answer: A) Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences
80
In the ABC model, what does “A” represent?
A) The beliefs held about an event
B) The consequences resulting from an event
C) The activating event
D) The dysfunction caused by the beliefs
Answer: C) The activating event
81
What are the “D” and “E” added to the ABC model intended to represent?
A) Discussion and Examination
B) Disputation of irrational beliefs and Effective new rational beliefs
C) Diagnosis and Evaluation
D) Determination and Evidence
Answer: B) Disputation of irrational beliefs and Effective new rational beliefs
82
What does Ellis believe about the meaning of events?
A) Events have inherent meaning regardless of interpretation
B) Events only have meaning once the client assigns value to them
C) Events are meaningless and should not be analyzed
D) Events are defined by social standards
Answer: B) Events only have meaning once the client assigns value to them
83
Which of the following statements best describes the source of dysfunction according to REBT?
A) The activating event (A) is always the source of dysfunction
B) The beliefs (B) about the event are what give rise to dysfunction
C) The consequences (C) are the primary source of dysfunction
D) Dysfunction arises from irrational external influences
Answer: B) The beliefs (B) about the event are what give rise to dysfunction
84
What does Ellis suggest therapy should address?
A) Rational beliefs only
B) Irrational beliefs
C) Physical health
D) Past trauma
Answer: B) Irrational beliefs
85
What is the role of the therapist in REBT?
A) Passive observer
B) Direct, active, and teacher-like
C) Emotional supporter only
D) Authoritative figure
Answer: B) Direct, active, and teacher-like
86
Which of the following techniques is commonly used in REBT therapy?
A) Avoidance of confrontation
B) Dispute and correction
C) Dream interpretation
D) Free association
Answer: B) Dispute and correction
87
What is the first step in the REBT therapy process?
A) Teaching the client relaxation techniques
B) Recognizing irrational beliefs
C) Assigning homework
D) Conducting a psychological assessment
Answer: B) Recognizing irrational beliefs
88
In REBT, after recognizing irrational beliefs, what does the therapist do next?
A) Ignores them
B) Points them out to the client
C) Diagnoses a mental illness
D) Asks the client to forget them
Answer: B) Points them out to the client
89
What is a key component of the REBT therapy process regarding client empowerment?
A) Teaching clients to rely on the therapist for solutions
B) Encouraging clients to argue against their own irrational beliefs as an internal dialogue
C) Asking clients to avoid self-reflection
D) Focusing solely on past experiences
Answer: B) Encouraging clients to argue against their own irrational beliefs as an internal dialogue
90
What is the purpose of "homework" assignments in REBT?
A) To keep clients busy
B) To help clients actualize the behavioral implications of rational thinking
C) To assess clients' understanding of therapy concepts
D) To evaluate clients’ mental health conditions
Answer: B) To help clients actualize the behavioral implications of rational thinking
91
Which group of clients is REBT not recommended for?
A) Clients with anxiety disorders
B) Clients with developmental disabilities
C) Clients seeking personal growth
D) Clients experiencing relationship issues
Answer: B) Clients with developmental disabilities
92
What does the therapist aim to achieve by arguing successfully against irrational beliefs?
A) To control the client’s thoughts
B) To eliminate all negative emotions
C) To help the client develop rational thinking
D) To provide emotional support only
Answer: C) To help the client develop rational thinking
93
Which theorists contributed to the development of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?
A) Only Aaron Beck
B) A combination of theorists, including Albert Bandura and Donald Meichenbaum
C) Primarily Sigmund Freud
D) Only Carl Rogers
Answer: B) A combination of theorists, including Albert Bandura and Donald Meichenbaum
94
Cognitive restructuring in CBT involves:
A) Avoiding thoughts
B) Challenging dysfunctional automatic thoughts and replacing them with more functional thoughts
C) Focusing solely on past experiences
D) Analyzing dreams and subconscious processes
Answer: B) Challenging dysfunctional automatic thoughts and replacing them with more functional thoughts
95
Which of the following is NOT an example of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?
A) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
B) Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
Answer: C) Psychoanalysis
96
What is a primary characteristic of CBT?
A) It is unstructured and open-ended
B) It is goal-directed, structured, and time-limited
C) It focuses solely on emotional exploration
D) It requires a lifelong commitment to therapy
Answer: B) It is goal-directed, structured, and time-limited
97
In CBT, what is emphasized as part of the therapeutic process?
A) Problem-solving and skill development
B) Avoidance of negative thoughts
C) Dream interpretation
D) Free association
Answer: A) Problem-solving and skill development
98
What does cognitive reframing primarily involve? A) Identifying and challenging automatic negative thoughts.
B) Changing the meanings placed on events to promote more reasonable emotional reactions.
C) Developing new behavioral skills for managing anxiety.
D) Establishing a routine for daily reflection and mindfulness.
Correct Answer: B) Changing the meanings placed on events to promote more reasonable emotional reactions.
99
Cognitive restructuring is aimed at: A) Enhancing interpersonal skills in social situations.
B) Challenging dysfunctional automatic thoughts and replacing them with functional ones.
C) Creating a structured plan for achieving personal goals.
D) Teaching relaxation techniques for stress management.
Correct Answer: B) Challenging dysfunctional automatic thoughts and replacing them with functional ones.
100
The main goal of cognitive reframing is to: A) Help individuals ignore their emotions.
B) Encourage individuals to think positively without evidence.
C) Foster more reasonable emotional reactions and behaviors by altering interpretations of events.
D) Increase awareness of cognitive distortions in all situations.
Correct Answer: C) Foster more reasonable emotional reactions and behaviors by altering interpretations of events.
101
Which of the following is an example of cognitive restructuring? A) Realizing that missing a deadline is an opportunity to improve time management skills.
B) Telling yourself that you are worthless after failing a test.
C) Deciding to quit a job after receiving negative feedback.
D) Ignoring negative thoughts and focusing only on positive affirmations.
Correct Answer: A) Realizing that missing a deadline is an opportunity to improve time management skills.
102
Cognitive restructuring helps individuals recognize: A) Only positive thoughts.
B) Distorted thinking patterns that lead to negative emotions.
C) Their physical responses to stress.
D) The importance of maintaining a positive mindset.
Correct Answer: B) Distorted thinking patterns that lead to negative emotions.
103
How do cognitive reframing and cognitive restructuring differ? A) They are synonyms for the same process.
B) Cognitive reframing focuses on changing perceptions of events, while cognitive restructuring focuses on challenging negative thoughts.
C) Cognitive reframing is more effective than cognitive restructuring.
D) Cognitive restructuring is a broader concept that includes reframing.
Correct Answer: B) Cognitive reframing focuses on changing perceptions of events, while cognitive restructuring focuses on challenging negative thoughts.
104
What is the primary assumption of Transactional Analysis (TA)? A) People are unable to change their behaviors.
B) Individuals can choose and reshape their own destinies.
C) All behaviors are learned from parents.
D) Emotional pain is unavoidable in relationships.
Correct Answer: B) Individuals can choose and reshape their own destinies.
105
What is the main goal of Transactional Analysis?
A) To diagnose mental disorders.
B) To help individuals make new, more appropriate choices in their lives.
C) To focus solely on childhood experiences.
D) To establish dominance in social interactions.
Correct Answer: B) To help individuals make new, more appropriate choices in their lives.
106
Which of the following best describes the "Parent" ego state in TA?
A) Represents thoughts of spontaneity and creativity.
B) Represents objective thinking and data gathering.
C) Represents nurturing and critical thoughts about oneself and others.
D) Represents pure instinctual drives and desires.
Correct Answer: C) Represents nurturing and critical thoughts about oneself and others.
107
What is an essential technique in Transactional Analysis before each counseling session?
A) Developing a personal history.
B) Creating a contract between the therapist and client.
C) Preparing a list of potential clients.
D) Setting financial goals for therapy.
Correct Answer: B) Creating a contract between the therapist and client.
108
In TA, what type of transaction occurs when messages are sent from one ego state to another in a direct manner, such as Adult to Adult?
A) Ulterior Transaction
B) Crossed Transaction
C) Complementary Transaction
D) Game Transaction
Correct Answer: C) Complementary Transaction
109
Which level of analysis focuses on recognizing thoughts and behaviors characteristic of different ego states?
A) Script Analysis
B) Structural Analysis
C) Transactional Analysis
D) Game Analysis
Correct Answer: B) Structural Analysis
110
What does Game Analysis in TA refer to?
A) Analyzing how to improve competitive skills in games.
B) Identifying social roles that lead to emotional pain and bad feelings in interactions.
C) Engaging clients in physical games to promote teamwork.
D) Creating games that help clients forget their problems.
Correct Answer: B) Identifying social roles that lead to emotional pain and bad feelings in interactions.
111
What is the focus of Script Analysis in TA?
A) To develop new hobbies for personal growth.
B) To analyze a person's life script and how it impacts their decisions and relationships.
C) To help individuals memorize their life history.
D) To script plays for therapeutic purposes.
Correct Answer: B) To analyze a person's life script and how it impacts their decisions and relationships.
112
Which of the following positions in TA is considered the healthiest for interpersonal relationships?
A) I'm O.K., You're Not O.K.
B) You're O.K., I'm Not O.K.
C) I'm O.K., You're O.K.
D) You're Not O.K., I'm Not O.K.
Correct Answer: C) I'm O.K., You're O.K.
113
How does TA approach counseling in a group setting?
A) It focuses solely on individual issues without group feedback.
B) Group members work on their own objectives while receiving feedback from the group.
C) All group members must follow a single script.
D) The counselor only provides guidance without allowing client interaction.
Correct Answer: B) Group members work on their own objectives while receiving feedback from the group.
114
Which of the following is an example of a complementary transaction in TA?
A) Adult to Child
B) Child to Adult
C) Parent to Adult
D) Parent to Child
Correct Answer: C) Parent to Adult
115
Which characteristic best defines the "Critical Parent" in TA?
A) Supports and nurtures the Child.
B) Provides objective feedback and analysis.
C) Finds fault and displays prejudices.
D) Encourages spontaneity and creativity.
Correct Answer: C) Finds fault and displays prejudices.
116
What is the primary belief underlying William Glasser's Reality Therapy?
A) People cannot change their behavior.
B) Counseling is primarily about exploring past experiences.
C) People can meet their needs through realistic and rational processes.
D) All behaviors are determined by external circumstances.
Correct Answer: C) People can meet their needs through realistic and rational processes.
117
Correct Answer: C) People can meet their needs through realistic and rational processes.
Correct Answer: B) All behaviors are chosen to satisfy basic needs.
118
Which of the following aspects does Reality Therapy primarily focus on?
A) The past experiences of the client.
B) The present actions and thoughts of the client.
C) Diagnosing mental health disorders.
D) Analyzing dreams and unconscious thoughts.
Correct Answer: B) The present actions and thoughts of the client.
119
In Reality Therapy, the role of the therapist is best described as:
A) An authority figure who dictates treatment.
B) A passive observer during sessions.
C) A teacher and model for the client.
D) A judge evaluating the client’s decisions.
Correct Answer: C) A teacher and model for the client.
120
What assumption is made about clients in Reality Therapy?
A) Clients are incapable of making responsible choices.
B) Clients will ultimately blame external factors for their issues.
C) Clients will assume personal responsibility for their well-being.
D) Clients should rely entirely on the therapist for guidance.
Correct Answer: C) Clients will assume personal responsibility for their well-being.
121
Which of the following is a key component of the counselor-client relationship in Reality Therapy?
A) Establishing strict boundaries and avoiding personal connections.
B) Developing a friendship with the client.
C) Focusing solely on the client's past traumas.
D) Relying on medical diagnoses to guide treatment.
Correct Answer: B) Developing a friendship with the client.
122
In Reality Therapy, counselors help clients evaluate their current behaviors by:
A) Suggesting they ignore their feelings.
B) Determining whether their actions are getting them what they want.
C) Criticizing their past decisions.
D) Emphasizing the importance of compliance.
Correct Answer: B) Determining whether their actions are getting them what they want.
123
What is an essential step in the counseling process according to Reality Therapy?
A) Obtaining a commitment from the client to make better choices.
B) Ensuring the client adheres to all rules set by the therapist.
C) Making decisions for the client to ensure success.
D) Conducting frequent assessments of the client’s progress.
Correct Answer: A) Obtaining a commitment from the client to make better choices.
124
Which of the following is NOT a technique used in Reality Therapy?
A) Allowing natural consequences instead of punishment.
B) Using psychoanalysis to uncover repressed memories.
C) Refusing to accept excuses from the client.
D) Providing praise for responsible behavior.
Correct Answer: B) Using psychoanalysis to uncover repressed memories.
125
In which of the following settings is Reality Therapy often utilized?
A) Long-term psychoanalytic therapy.
B) Correctional and educational facilities.
C) Dream analysis groups.
D) Art therapy sessions.
Correct Answer: B) Correctional and educational facilities.
126
What does the term "Gestalt" mean in the context of Gestalt Therapy?
A) Fragmented parts
B) Whole or complete
C) Abstract concept
D) Unconscious processes
Correct Answer: B) Whole or complete
127
What is the primary goal of Gestalt Therapy?
A) To analyze past experiences in depth.
B) To promote full integration of the person.
C) To develop coping mechanisms for stress.
D) To establish clear behavioral guidelines.
Correct Answer: B) To promote full integration of the person.
128
Which aspect is emphasized in Gestalt Therapy?
A) Focus on past trauma.
B) Unfinished business and unmet needs.
C) Cognitive restructuring.
D) Behavioral conditioning.
Correct Answer: B) Unfinished business and unmet needs.
129
In Gestalt Therapy, why is "awareness" considered important?
A) It helps to ignore feelings and emotions.
B) It promotes mindfulness of all the senses and the present moment.
C) It focuses exclusively on verbal communication.
D) It allows for avoidance of unpleasant experiences.
Correct Answer: B) It promotes mindfulness of all the senses and the present moment.
130
What does Gestalt Therapy say about verbal and nonverbal behavior?
A) They should be incongruent to allow for flexibility.
B) They should be congruent and discrepancies should be addressed.
C) Nonverbal behavior is irrelevant to therapy.
D) Only verbal communication matters in therapy.
Correct Answer: B) They should be congruent and discrepancies should be addressed.
131
Which of the following is NOT an objective of Gestalt Therapy?
A) Self-awareness
B) Self-completion
C) Self-deception
D) Self-responsibility
Correct Answer: C) Self-deception
132
Which of the following is one of the moral injunctions of Gestalt Therapy?
A) Focus on the future, not the present.
B) Live now, stay in the present.
C) Avoid expressing emotions to prevent conflict.
D) Justify your actions to others.
Correct Answer: B) Live now, stay in the present.
133
What does Gestalt Therapy suggest regarding unpleasant feelings?
A) Avoid them at all costs.
B) Give in to unpleasantness and do not restrict your awareness.
C) Suppress them until they go away.
D) Use logic to explain them away.
Correct Answer: B) Give in to unpleasantness and do not restrict your awareness.
134
In Gestalt Therapy, clients are encouraged to:
A) Blame others for their feelings.
B) Take full responsibility for their own actions, feelings, and thoughts.
C) Avoid acknowledging their own emotions.
D) Depend on the therapist for guidance in all situations.
Correct Answer: B) Take full responsibility for their own actions, feelings, and thoughts.
135
What is a central theme of Gestalt Therapy regarding the self?
A) The self is best understood in isolation from its parts.
B) The whole self is greater than the sum of its parts.
C) The mind is superior to emotions and sensations.
D) The self is fragmented and needs to be dissected.
Correct Answer: B) The whole self is greater than the sum of its parts.
