research meth rev Flashcards
primary data definition
data collected first hand by the researcher. It is collected specifically to match the aims of the investigation
primary data strnegth
high validity because it is collected by the researcher with his/her aims in mind so it will be more useful to get valid conclusions.
primary data limitation
consuming and more costly because the researcher has to find participants and carried out the research to collect data.
secondary data definition
data that it is already published by other researchers so it is not specifically collected to match the researcher’s aims.
secondary data strength
it is less time consuming so it is cheaper to collect because the data is already available to the researcher to be analysed.
useful when research cannot be carried out because of ethical issues. An example of this type of data is meta-analysis and content analysis where the data is published in reports, newspaper, books, academic journals etc
secondary data limitation
may not be valid because it is not specifically collected having in mind the aims of the researcher.
quanitiative data defintion
numerical data which means that it is objective. For example, scores from a test or rating in a questionnaire.
quantataive data strnegth
objective data because it is numerical, it allows the researcher to make objective comparisons without the need to make biased interpretations of the data collected. This increases reliability.
quantative data limitation
numerical data , it does not tell the researcher how and why the behaviour occurred. It only shows what behaviour occurred and how often. This decreases validity.
qualitative data definition
data collected in a narrative form it provides in-depth information about the behaviour being investigated.
qualitative data strength
As the participants can expand on their answers and give reasons for their behaviour, the researcher gains a better understanding of how and why the behaviour happened. This increases the validity of the findings.
qualitative data limitation
As the researcher makes annotations of what is being said, the analysis of the data can be more difficult to compare and the interpretation can lead to bias conclusions. This decreases the reliability of the findings as it will be difficult to replicate to find similar findings.
levels of measurement
interval data
ordinal data
nominal data
what is interval data
quantitative data which is objective. For example, time taken to complete a puzzle, heart beat, blood pressure, temperature.
strnetgh of interval data
easy to collect and categorise because it is numerical data. It is objective data as researchers do not need to interpret this data as the gaps between values are equally measured
what is ordinal data
quantitative data and categorical data with a set of order or scale to it. For example, scores in a test or ratings in a questionnaire.
ordinal data strength
easy to collect and categorise because it is numerical data. It is more informative than nominal data because it indicates relative values on a linear scale. Median can be calculated to make comparisons.
ordinal data limitation
subjective because the gaps between values are not equally measured. For example, in a rating scale on happiness form 1-5 the gaps between each scale are not equal. The mean cannot be used to assess central tendency.
what is nomical data
Collection of information that is divided into groups. For example, age, size, race, gender.
strength of nominal data
easy to analyse and reliable.
limitationa of nominal daat
subjective data because it does not have standardised intervals so numerical operations cannot be performed. The only central tendency that can be used with this data is the mode. Therefore, this data is not very useful.
defintion of ppilot study
small-scale investigation
test out their methodology and make minor changes.
formation of pilot study
A pilot study involves running the planned methodology but with a much smaller number of participants
The participants will often be a small opportunity sample such as classmates or colleaguues
function of pilot study
modification of methodology
or whether a procedure is effective (e.g. does it take too long, are the instructions too complicated for participants to understand, or have any vital steps been left out).
advantages of pilot studied
A pilot study allows a researcher to decide whether or not it will be worthwhile to conduct a planned study on a larger scale.
A pilot study also provides the researchers with practice of running the study before the full data gathering begins, allowing all aspects of the study to go more smoothly
mean strength
Most representative of all
the measures of central
tendency because it is
comprised of the whole
data set.
mean limitation
most sensitive measure as outliers
can distort the mean. It can be
very misrepresentative of the data set if there are extreme scores present. Therefore, it can only be used with ordinal and interval
data.
median strength
not distorted by extreme
scores. Therefore, when there are extreme values in a data set, the median is used rather than the mean, so the data is more representative, increasing validity
strength of mode
Not distorted by extreme
scores. The only method
which can be used with
nominal data.
limitation of mean
Most sensitive measure as outliers
can distort the mean. It can be
very misrepresentative of the data set if there are extreme scores present. Therefore, it can only be used with ordinal and interval
data.
limitation of median
Does not reflect all scores in the data set. Therefore, it is not the most representative of the data set and it should only be used when there are outliers.
limitation of mode
there can be more than one mode so it is
not always a useful measure of central
tendency.
ethical issues definition
onsiderations that researchers need to consider before, during and after the research is conducted
welfare of the participants, the integrity of the research and the use of the data.
5 main guidlines from BPS
-Deception
Right to withdraw
Informed consent
Privacy and confidentiality
Protection from harm
deception
nformation is
deliberately withheld from
participants
prevents participants from giving fully informed consent
fully
debriefed and told the true aim and nature of the research.
contact details of the
experimenter should be given if participants have any further questions or queries.
right to withdraw
researcher must
destroy any data or
information collected.
may feel unnecessary or undue stress and are therefore not protected from harm.
fully debriefed and told the true aim and nature of the research.