Memory Flashcards
Storage
As a result of encoding info is stored within memory system
Define memory
Process of recalling/retaining info after the original thing/object is no longer present
Encoding
Info converted into code that can be stored in memory
After Henry molaisons surgery what was impaired
Alleiviate some seizures
Unable to form new memories
Multi store model
Atkinson and shiffrin 1968
Linear model
Three storages
1)sensory memory attention limited capacity 0.5sec duration
2)short term memory unattended info is lost hypocampus encodes acoustically 7-9 item capacity 18-30 secs needed to be tested immediately
3)long term memory some info may be lost hypocampus encodes semantically unlimited duration and capacity
What happened to Henry molaison
Remove a part of his brain - part of hypocampus !amyglada and rhinal cortex in order to remove his seizures after a bike accident
Cons
External validation -cannot generalise
Retrieval
Recovering stored info from memory system
What was not implied after Henry’s surgery
Perception or intellect
Scored higher on some iq tests after
Long term memory
Capacity of stm -jacobs
Jacobs recruited 443 students from north London
Gave sequence of words and letters and asked to recall them in correct order
Every time decal,ed correct,y added a new. Umber u tile no longer could remember
7.3 letters 9.3 words
Three main processes in memory
encoding
2)storage
3)retrieval
Henry surgery summary
Went through surgery recover epilepsy after he suffered from anterograde and retrograde amnesia he was able to remember memories before surgery long term but could not form new memories after surgery. Suggests his shirt term memkery was damaged after the operation and he could not form new memories. Supports men as it shows ltm and stm are sep stores
Sensory register
Info from senses enters the sensory register which is modality specific.not one sense registered
KF
doesn’t support only one stm storage
He suffered
Research support for capacity
Miller 1957
Experiment how many numbers we can recall for telephones
STM capacity for 7 items but struggle for 9
Miller found that “bits” of information can be grouped together into “chunk
Stm holds more info in chunks but loses accurate
Capacity of short term memory
Miller and jacobs
Duration of stm
Peterson and Peterson
Evidence for duration of ltm
Bahrick
Encoding for ltm and stm evidence
Baddely
What baddely found
Found that info in the stm encodes acoustically
Found that ltm encodes semantically
What bahrick found
Found that the duration of ltm seems unlimited
Participants rec names and faces of classmates after 50 yrs
What happened to cw
Viral infection damaged his hippocampus which helps consolidate stm and ltm
Clive count remember anything he learnt after 20 secs
Ltm before infection in tact
Shows sep stores
What is msm
When info is coded according to sound and is coding system used by stm
Rehearsal loop
The way in which sensory memory encodes which is sense specific
And refers to sensory memory
Accoustic
When info is encoded by the memory store according to its meaning refers to ltm coding
Semantic
The earliest model of memory by Atkinson and shifring
Duration
Length of the time the info lasts
Capacity
How much info stored
Retrieval
Process of retaining the info we have encoded
Acoustic stm and semantic ltm
Baddely
Tend to mix words we findsimilar when using stm
Asked to recall similar sound word and immediately recalled less words
Stm encodes acoustically
Same with ltm after 30 mims recall similar meaning words
What bahrick did
Recruited 392 graduates shown pics of high skl yearbook and then given a group of names an match 90% ab,e to match after 14 yrs and 60% after 47 yrs
Ltm duration. At least 47 yrs
What happened at 18 seconds of trigram research
Stm
90% was recalled
Brown Peterson technique
Peterson and Peterson
24 make fema,e uni psych students
Trigram syllables
The given three numbers asked to remember backwards to prevent move to ltm
Asked to stop recalling at diff intervals ( 3,6,9,15,18)
What did miller find
Bits of info can be grouped together into chunks as stm can hold more info in chunks but loses accuracy
We recall sound in stm eg 7379 sounds as one item
Recall 11 individual numbers but recall 9 items
Validity’s of research
External
Internal
Reliability
External validity
Generalised validity
Target population Eg students in London
Take a sample from this place
More people to rep the students in London of all ages
Ecological validity
Relates to the task
Eg list of numbers or words doesn’t actually represent memory
Population validity
Higher than target population
Eg world
Rest of population
Internal validity
What you are measuring
Causation
Reliability
Replication
High levels of controls
Standardisation
Get same results
Increases reliabiiity
Increases validity
Everything about sensory memory
Large only one sense capacity
0.5 sec duration
Raw coding
Everything short term memory
7-9 items
18-30 secs
Acoustic encoded
Long term everything
Unlimited
Lifetime
Semantically
How stm was investigated
Peterson and Peterson 1959
Gathered 24 male and female uni students gave trigrams to remember three letters three numbers had to remember the three numbers backwards to prevent going to ltm.stopped rehearsing them at intervals from 3-18 seconds and to recall these trigrams. This tested stm
Who made the working memory model
Baddely and hitch
Working memory model
4 component short term memory system
proposed in the 1970s
Msm too simplistic
Over emphasis on the role of rehearsal for learning
Baddely and hitch set about trying to understand stm as a complex and active working memory
1)control executive
2)phonological loop
3)vistas spaciak sketch pad
4)ltm
Main component of wmm
Central executive
Central executive
Goss if wmm
Control attention smd directs information to the two systems
Phonological loop and visual spatial sketch psd
Process indormstion from any snensory modality
Phonological loop
Temporarily storage system for verbal info and has two components
Two components of phonological loop
Thearticulatorycontrolprocess:whichisthe inner voice. This store allows for subvocal repetition of acoustic information.
• The phonological store: The inner ear. It is a temporary storage space for coding Acoustic and information which has limited capacity
Visual spatial sketch pad
It is a temporary storage system for visual and spatial information, such as remembering shapes and colours, or the location or speed of objects in space. It has two components:
• Theinnerscribe:storesinformationabout form and colour.
• Thevisualcache:whichdealswithspatialand movement information. It also rehearses information in the visual cache and transfers information to the central executive.
Episodic buffer
Theepisodicbufferwasaddedtothemodel later.
• Theepisodicbufferbindsandintegrates information from all the components and passes the information to the LTM.
• It therefore codes both visual and acoustic information. However, it has a limited capacity.
Central Executive function capacity and coding
Control centre of the WMM. It supervises function and controls the slave system
Unlimited
Any sensory modality
Controls and directs info to other stores
Makes decisions
Process the info
Shifts attention to other tasks
Focuses on specific tasks
Inhibits irrelevant info
Phonological Loop
Function capacity coding
Temporary storage system for verbal information, held in speech-based form
limited
Acoustic information
VSP function capacity coding
Temporary storage system for visual and spatial information
Limited
Visual and spatial information
Evaluation for wmm
1)case study to support two storages in stm (kf)
2)evaluate case studies eg.lack of general validity
3)research lab studies eg.dual task
4)limitation of lab study eg.lack of ecological validity
5) central executive limitation
Kf and wmm
Supports two stores in stm
One encodes visually and one accoustically
Bike accident damages stm
Kf coukd not recall what was read t him
He was able to recall info he read himself
This shows that KF phonological loop was damaged, but the visual spatial store wasnot. ThissupportstwodifferentencodingstoresinSTM.
Limitations of case studies
Low external validity
Case studies in memory based on uniquei dividuals who has spec brain injuries
For example, although KF had most of his hippocampus damaged, but we don’t know if other surrounding areas were also affected. This is a problem for the external validity of the findings as we don’t know if these other areas are the cause of his lost of verbal memory. Therefore, findings from case studies cannot be generalised to how memory works in all humans or in other people with brain injury.
Dual task
Drawing a picture while remembering a series of numbers
Drawing task in visual cache
Numbers processed in phonological loop
Go to different storages therefore can do at same time
Verbal reasoning task m both storages so rehearsing number and doing verbal reasoning cannot happen
Used to prove two seperste components in stm
One for sound and one for vision
Limitation of wmm
The WMM only explains STM but it fails to explain how information moves from STM to LTM.
• It also ignores to explain how memories are stored in the LTM. For example, how procedural memories are stored and where.
Ce criticism
Some psychologists claim that the EC explanation is too vague.
there are only modest correlations between people on different executive functions, and since some people can lose some executive functions, such focus attention but keep others such as inhibition, it’s highly unlikely that the CE is one unitary construct.
Without knowing how the CE is broken down, it’s very difficult to come up with hypotheses to test the model further, and to know how these subsections relate to each other and the other parts of the model. Take verbal rehearsal for example. Does the CE initiate this, monitor it, maintain it? Or is it purely a function of the phonological loop?
- Select one study of the working memory model and outline what the participants were required to do. (2 marks)
One study would be the dual task study where participants were asked to draw an image whilst rehearsing a series of numbers.
types of long term memory
episodic
semantic
procedural
declarative explicit
words
episodic
semantic
non declarative
implicit
no words
procedural
semantic memory
part of the long term memory responsible for storing information about the world. this includes knowledge about the meaning of words as well as general knowledge
semantic memory definition
memory of relationships and how things fit together
it includes the memory that you have brothers or sisters where things are located and what they do
episodic memory
part of the long term memory responsible for storing information about events that we have experienced
conscious thought and is declarative
eg.1st day of ski