psychology paper 2 case study Flashcards
what did Maslow 1968 say
all humans want to be the best they can be - self actualisation
what rogers developed
In order to reduce the gap between the perceived self and the ideal self, Rogers developed client centered therapy to help those cope with the problems of everyday living.
Rogers claimed that many of the issues we experience as adults such as worthlessness and low self-esteem is due to childhood and a lack of unconditional positive regard.
A parent who sets boundaries or limits on their love for their child – conditions of worth builds of psychological problems for that child in the future.
Rogers says to be an effective therapist – you should provide clients with unconditional positive regard they failed to receive as children
client centered therapy
the psotivrs of roegerian theory
Praised for brining the ‘person back into psychology’.
More validity than other approaches
Application – Rogerian therapy has revolutionised counselling.
Gannon L
It is not possible to falsify the assumption that human thoughts and behavior are driven by evolved predispositions, which make the approach unscientific.
negatives of the rogerian theory
The approach has limited impact within the discipline of psychology as a whole.
The approach has little evidence to support its claims.
Banduras method
2 groups. One group of children were in a room with an adult that shouted abuse at a doll and hit it with a hammer.
The other group, the ‘control group’ saw non-aggressive behaviour from adults towards the dolls.
Results
The children were put in a room alone.
High levels of aggressive behaviour was apparent from children who had observed aggression.
Conclusions
Boys were also more aggressive than girls.
Exposure led to aggressive behaviour.
bandura 77
Three main characteristics that make you likely to influence the observer and thus increase the likelihood of imitation:
The more similar the model is seen to be by the observer. (Age/sex)
Behaviour that is simple and easy is more likely to be imitated.
Aggressive and antisocial behaviour is also more likely to be imitated (eg Bandura’s original study emphasises this.)
what darken said about bandora
Where else in life does a 5 year old find a powerful adult actually showing you how to knock hell out of a dummy and then giving you the opportunity to try it out yourself’‘(Durkin, 1995)
what bandora thought
The Social Learning Theory is a Social Psychological theory which psychologists use to explain aggression.
Bandura combines the logic of social and cognitive psychology to create another social psychological theory to explain aggression which he termed the social cognitive perspective.
Bandura thought that behaviour may be motivated not only by inherent psychological factors, but also by socio-environmental factors.
He argued that the individual and the social environment were linked. He called this reciprocal determinism
negatives of bandora
Can not explain all behaviour. What about behaviours where there is not model?
Over-reliance of laboratory studies
Underestimate the influence of biological factors
what the behaviourist approach says
all human behaviour is learnt
pavlova method
us + ur = food + slaivation
us ns ur = food bell salivation
cs cr =bell + salivation
what skinner says
Skinner showed that rats and pigeons could be conditioned to behave in certain ways through rewards and punishments.
put rats in a box that had a level, if that push it it delivers food
positives of skinner
Scientific credibility – helped to develop
Psychology as a science – uses the scientific method
Real-life application – schools, prisons, treatments
If all behaviour is learnt, it can be unlearned.
negatives of skinner
Deterministic – we do not have control over our behaviours – societal implications (legal ramifications)
Simplistic – ignore cognitive processes and the complexity of human behaviour
Animals in research – differences between animals and humans
Spontaneous behaviour – cannot be explained using the principles of conditioning
rene descartes
Cartesian dualism, brain is not the same as the mind.
experimental philosophy.
John locke
proposed the concept of empiricism - all knowledge is derived from sensory experience and can be studied using the scientific method
what did Wundt do
Opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
Study the structure of the human mind, by breaking down behaviours into their basic elements, hence his approach became known as STRUCTURALISM
how is Wundt scientific
objective
systematic
replicable
girffiths
used introspection to study the cognitive processes of fruit machine gamblers.
He asked them to ‘think aloud’ whilst playing a fruit machine into a microphone on their lapel
strengths of Wundt
Knowledge acquired using scientific methods are more than just the passive acceptance of facts
Causes of behaviour can be established through the use of methods that are empirical and replicable
Scientific knowledge is self-corrective meaning that it can be refined or abandoned
weaknesses of Wundt
Scientific psychologists create contrived situations that create artificial behaviours
Much of the subject matter of psychology is unobservable, therefore cannot be measured with any degree of accuracy
Not all psychologists share the view that that human behaviour can be explored through scientific methods
outline wundes method of introspection
* introspection is a systematic analysis of one’s own conscious experience
* experiences are analysed in terms of their component parts/reference to ‘structuralism’
* these parts are elements like sensation, emotional reactions etc
* people were trained to do this analysis to make the data objective rather than subjective
* people were presented with standardised sensory events like a ticking metronome and asked to report their reactions.
Credit other relevant description of the method of introspection.
Gottesman
48% mz twin
17% dz
