Research in Medicine Flashcards by Mia Philip

Define

Evidence-based medicine (EBM)

the conscientious, explicit, judicious and reasonable use of modern, best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define

Systematic Review

a review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and reproducible methods to identify, select and critically appraise all relevant research, and to collect and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define

National Health Priority Areas

diseases and conditions given focused attention because of their significant contribution to the burden of illness and injury in the Australian community.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define

Selection bias

Systematic differences between baseline characteristics of groups compared

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define

Performance bias

Systematic differences in the care provided to the groups after enrolment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define

Detection bias

Systematic differences between how outcomes are determined

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define

Attrition bias

Systematic differences due to withdrawals and incomplete data

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define

Reporting bias

Systematically different reporting methods that favour significant findings

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define

Publication bias

Published results are systematically different from unpublished reports

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

the conscientious, explicit, judicious and reasonable use of modern, best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

Evidence-based medicine (EBM)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

Systematic Review

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

diseases and conditions given focused attention because of their significant contribution to the burden of illness and injury in the Australian community.

National Health Priority Areas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

Systematic differences between baseline characteristics of groups compared

Selection bias

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

Systematic differences in the care provided to the groups after enrolment

Performance bias

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

Systematic differences between how outcomes are determined

Detection bias

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

Systematic differences due to withdrawals and incomplete data

Attrition bias

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

Systematically different reporting methods that favour significant findings

Reporting bias

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition

Published results are systematically different from unpublished reports

Publication bias

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three myths of medicine research that cause a lot of preventable heartache?

Every symptom has a diagnosis
Every diagnosis has a treatment
Every treatment is a cure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does evidence-based medicine integrate?

Clinical experience

Patient values and preferences

Best available research information

What is the value of systematic reviews in medicine?

Draws together all information relevant to a clinical question
Conclusion lays out the facts as we know them following comprehensive and balanced review of the evidence
Much more efficient for a practitioner to read a review than to try to find and evaluate every paper relevant to a clinical question

What are the different types of systematic reviews?

Intervention
Diagnostic test accuracy (DTA)
Prognostic
Methodological
Qualitative

What are the steps of a systematic review?

define the question / clear objective
plan eligibility criteria
plan methods
publish protocol
search for studies
apply eligibility criteria
collect data
assess studies for risk of bias
analyse and present results
interpret results and draw conclusions
improve and update review

How do meta-analyses differ from systematic reviews?

Meta-analysis only refers to the statistical analysis of data from multiple studies

Systematic reviews may or may not include meta-analysis

Meta-analyses can be selective with the studies they include whereas systematic reviews can not

What is Cochrane?

an international not-for-profit organisation which aims to help people make well-informed decisions about healthcare by preparing, maintaining and promoting the accessibility of systematic reviews of the effects of health care interventions

What types of bias are explored by a systematic review?

Selection bias Performance bias Detection bias Attrition bias Reporting bias Publication bias

# Define Ethics

Moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the conducting of an activity

# Define Reduction

Any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used in research

# Define Refinement

Modification of experimental procedures to minimise pain

# Define Replacement

Methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in research

# Define Amnion Epithelial Cells (hAEC)

a subset of placental-derived stem cells that display plasticity and immunomodulation, and possess advantages over the other populations of stem cell-like cells in the placental tissues

# Definition Moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the conducting of an activity

Ethics

# Definition Any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used in research

Reduction

# Definition Modification of experimental procedures to minimise pain

Refinement

# Definition Methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in research

Replacement

# Definition a subset of placental-derived stem cells that display plasticity and immunomodulation, and possess advantages over the other populations of stem cell-like cells in the placental tissues

Amnion Epithelial Cells (hAEC)

What is the value of biomedical research?

Improving health Training the next generation of scientists Increasing knowledge Strengthening the economy Developing new technologies, products, and industries

How can we decrease the amount of time it takes to approve a drug?

* Remove red tape and improve processes * Open interactions among researchers, and more effective relations among companies, government, foundations, and universities * Increase resources * Have researchers/clinicians working in parallel * Less focus on mechanisms

Why are many scientists unable to replicate their own key scientic findings?

* False positive data * Low statistical data * Poor experimental design * “Trimming and cooking the data” * failing to report all the data * Publish or perish * Impact publications * Number of publications * Decreased funding

What are the 10 strategic imperatives to strengthen health & medical research?

1. A healthy & empowered community 2. Encourage giving 3. Research active health services deliver higher quality care 4. Developing implementation science – turning evidence into action 5. Collaborating for success 6. World class research needs world class researchers 7. Funding research 8. Encourage commercial investment in R&D 9. A strategic national approach 10. Reduce red tape

What does questionable research integrity include?

* Plagiarism * Falsifying/fabricating data * Duplicating results * Inappropriate finance management * Concealing conflicts of interest * Stealing other peoples research

What happens to a paper if the research integrity is compromised?

It gets retracted

Why has there been a progressive increase in publication retraction?

Increased pressure to publish

By law, and in accord with Code, AECs must have at least one member from which categories?

* **A veterinarian** (Category A) * **An animal researcher** (Category B) * **A welfare member** (Category C, "a person with demonstrable commitment to, and established experience, in furthering the welfare of animals") * **An independent lay person** (Category D, "an independent person who does not currently and has not previously conducted scientific or teaching activities using animals").

What are the three R's?

Reduction Refinement Replacement

What things do animal ethics committees need to consider when evaluating research requests?

* the justification for the research * its likely impact on the animals * procedures for preventing or alleviating pain and distress.

What must a researcher in Australia do if they want to use embryonic stem cells?

In Australia, a researcher must obtain a licence from the NHMRC Licencing Committee to use excess human IVF embryos for research, including the derivation of new embryonic stem cell lines

What are the characterisitics of amnion epithelial cells?

Pluripotent properties Readily available Immunomodulatory properties Lack tumorigenicity Low immunigenicity Non invasive extraction procedures