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BMS3052 > Research in Medicine > Flashcards

Research in Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Evidence-based medicine (EBM)

A

the conscientious, explicit, judicious and reasonable use of modern, best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

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2
Q

Define

Systematic Review

A

a review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and reproducible methods to identify, select and critically appraise all relevant research, and to collect and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review

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3
Q

Define

National Health Priority Areas

A

diseases and conditions given focused attention because of their significant contribution to the burden of illness and injury in the Australian community.

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4
Q

Define

Selection bias

A

Systematic differences between baseline characteristics of groups compared

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5
Q

Define

Performance bias

A

Systematic differences in the care provided to the groups after enrolment

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6
Q

Define

Detection bias

A

Systematic differences between how outcomes are determined

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7
Q

Define

Attrition bias

A

Systematic differences due to withdrawals and incomplete data

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8
Q

Define

Reporting bias

A

Systematically different reporting methods that favour significant findings

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9
Q

Define

Publication bias

A

Published results are systematically different from unpublished reports

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10
Q

Definition

the conscientious, explicit, judicious and reasonable use of modern, best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

A

Evidence-based medicine (EBM)

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11
Q

Definition

a review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and reproducible methods to identify, select and critically appraise all relevant research, and to collect and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review

A

Systematic Review

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12
Q

Definition

diseases and conditions given focused attention because of their significant contribution to the burden of illness and injury in the Australian community.

A

National Health Priority Areas

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13
Q

Definition

Systematic differences between baseline characteristics of groups compared

A

Selection bias

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14
Q

Definition

Systematic differences in the care provided to the groups after enrolment

A

Performance bias

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15
Q

Definition

Systematic differences between how outcomes are determined

A

Detection bias

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16
Q

Definition

Systematic differences due to withdrawals and incomplete data

A

Attrition bias

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17
Q

Definition

Systematically different reporting methods that favour significant findings

A

Reporting bias

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18
Q

Definition

Published results are systematically different from unpublished reports

A

Publication bias

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19
Q

What are the three myths of medicine research that cause a lot of preventable heartache?

A
  1. Every symptom has a diagnosis
  2. Every diagnosis has a treatment
  3. Every treatment is a cure
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20
Q

What does evidence-based medicine integrate?

A

Clinical experience

Patient values and preferences

Best available research information

21
Q

What is the value of systematic reviews in medicine?

A
  • Draws together all information relevant to a clinical question
  • Conclusion lays out the facts as we know them following comprehensive and balanced review of the evidence
  • Much more efficient for a practitioner to read a review than to try to find and evaluate every paper relevant to a clinical question
22
Q

What are the different types of systematic reviews?

A
  • Intervention
  • Diagnostic test accuracy (DTA)
  • Prognostic
  • Methodological
  • Qualitative
23
Q

What are the steps of a systematic review?

A
  1. define the question / clear objective
  2. plan eligibility criteria
  3. plan methods
  4. publish protocol
  5. search for studies
  6. apply eligibility criteria
  7. collect data
  8. assess studies for risk of bias
  9. analyse and present results
  10. interpret results and draw conclusions
  11. improve and update review
24
Q

How do meta-analyses differ from systematic reviews?

A

Meta-analysis only refers to the statistical analysis of data from multiple studies

Systematic reviews may or may not include meta-analysis

Meta-analyses can be selective with the studies they include whereas systematic reviews can not

25
Q

What is Cochrane?

A

an international not-for-profit organisation which aims to help people make well-informed decisions about healthcare by preparing, maintaining and promoting the accessibility of systematic reviews of the effects of health care interventions

26
Q

What types of bias are explored by a systematic review?

A

Selection bias

Performance bias

Detection bias

Attrition bias

Reporting bias

Publication bias

27
Q

Define

Ethics

A

Moral principles that govern a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity

28
Q

Define

Reduction

A

Any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used in research

29
Q

Define

Refinement

A

Modification of experimental procedures to minimise pain

30
Q

Define

Replacement

A

Methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in research

31
Q

Define

Amnion Epithelial Cells (hAEC)

A

a subset of placental-derived stem cells that display plasticity and immunomodulation, and possess advantages over the other populations of stem cell-like cells in the placental tissues

32
Q

Definition

Moral principles that govern a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity

A

Ethics

33
Q

Definition

Any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used in research

A

Reduction

34
Q

Definition

Modification of experimental procedures to minimise pain

A

Refinement

35
Q

Definition

Methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in research

A

Replacement

36
Q

Definition

a subset of placental-derived stem cells that display plasticity and immunomodulation, and possess advantages over the other populations of stem cell-like cells in the placental tissues

A

Amnion Epithelial Cells (hAEC)

37
Q

What is the value of biomedical research?

A

Improving health

Training the next generation of scientists

Increasing knowledge

Strengthening the economy

Developing new technologies, products, and industries

38
Q

How can we decrease the amount of time it takes to approve a drug?

A
  • Remove red tape and improve processes
  • Open interactions among researchers, and more effective relations among companies, government, foundations, and universities
  • Increase resources
  • Have researchers/clinicians working in parallel
  • Less focus on mechanisms
39
Q

Why are many scientists unable to replicate their own key scientic findings?

A
  • False positive data
    • Low statistical data
    • Poor experimental design
  • “Trimming and cooking the data”
    • failing to report all the data
  • Publish or perish
    • Impact publications
    • Number of publications
  • Decreased funding
40
Q

What are the 10 strategic imperatives to strengthen health & medical research?

A
  1. A healthy & empowered community
  2. Encourage giving
  3. Research active health services deliver higher quality care
  4. Developing implementation science – turning evidence into action
  5. Collaborating for success
  6. World class research needs world class researchers
  7. Funding research
  8. Encourage commercial investment in R&D
  9. A strategic national approach
  10. Reduce red tape
41
Q

What does questionable research integrity include?

A
  • Plagiarism
  • Falsifying/fabricating data
  • Duplicating results
  • Inappropriate finance management
  • Concealing conflicts of interest
  • Stealing other peoples research
42
Q

What happens to a paper if the research integrity is compromised?

A

It gets retracted

43
Q

Why has there been a progressive increase in publication retraction?

A

Increased pressure to publish

44
Q

By law, and in accord with Code, AECs must have at least one member from which categories?

A
  • A veterinarian (Category A)
  • An animal researcher (Category B)
  • A welfare member (Category C, “a person with demonstrable commitment to, and established experience, in furthering the welfare of animals”)
  • An independent lay person (Category D, “an independent person who does not currently and has not previously conducted scientific or teaching activities using animals”).
45
Q

What are the three R’s?

A

Reduction

Refinement

Replacement

46
Q

What things do animal ethics committees need to consider when evaluating research requests?

A
  • the justification for the research
  • its likely impact on the animals
  • procedures for preventing or alleviating pain and distress.
47
Q

What must a researcher in Australia do if they want to use embryonic stem cells?

A

In Australia, a researcher must obtain a licence from the NHMRC Licencing Committee to use excess human IVF embryos for research, including the derivation of new embryonic stem cell lines

48
Q

What are the characterisitics of amnion epithelial cells?

A

Pluripotent properties

Readily available

Immunomodulatory properties

Lack tumorigenicity

Low immunigenicity

Non invasive extraction procedures

BMS3052 (26 decks)

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