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BMS3052 > 28. Energy Expenditure > Flashcards

28. Energy Expenditure Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Non-exercise adaptive thermogenesis (NEAT)

A

the energy expended for everything we do that is not sleeping, eating or sports-like exercise

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2
Q

Define

Total daily energy expediture (TDEE)

A

an estimation of how many calories you burn per day when exercise is taken into account

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3
Q

Define

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest

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4
Q

Define

Beige adipocytes

A

a type of adipose cell described by the ability to induce these cells to produce heat and increase energy expenditure

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5
Q

Define

Brown adipocytes

A

typically found in large amounts in newborns and some hibernating animals and is important as a source of energy. These contain numerous and very distinct lipid droplets as well as large amounts of mitochondria

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6
Q

Define

White adipocytes

A

rounded cells that contain a single large fat droplet that occupies over 90% of the cell volume and the mitochondria and nucleus are squeezed into the remaining cell volume

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7
Q

Define

Adaptive thermogenesis

A

the change in energy expenditure following acute and/or long-term overfeeding and underfeeding

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8
Q

Definition

the energy expended for everything we do that is not sleeping, eating or sports-like exercise

A

Non-exercise adaptive thermogenesis (NEAT)

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9
Q

Definition

an estimation of how many calories you burn per day when exercise is taken into account

A

Total daily energy expediture (TDEE)

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10
Q

Definition

the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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11
Q

Definition

a type of adipose cell described by the ability to induce these cells to produce heat and increase energy expenditure

A

Beige adipocytes

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12
Q

Definition

typically found in large amounts in newborns and some hibernating animals and is important as a source of energy. These contain numerous and very distinct lipid droplets as well as large amounts of mitochondria

A

Brown adipocytes

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13
Q

Definition

rounded cells that contain a single large fat droplet that occupies over 90% of the cell volume and the mitochondria and nucleus are squeezed into the remaining cell volume

A

White adipocytes

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14
Q

Definition

the change in energy expenditure following acute and/or long-term overfeeding and underfeeding

A

Adaptive thermogenesis

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15
Q

What are the three components of energy expenditure?

A

Adaptive thermogenesis

Physical activity

Obligatory energy expenditure

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16
Q

What does the physical activity component of energy expenditure included?

A

Exercise

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of adaptive thermogenesis?

A
  • Variable, regulated by the brain
  • Responds to temperature and diet
  • Occurs in brown adipocyte mitochondria, skeletal muscle and other sites
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18
Q

Which component of accounts for the most energy expenditure?

A

Obligatory energy expenditure (BMR)

~70%

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19
Q

What happens to BMR as we age?

A

It decreases

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20
Q

Why do men tend to have a higher BMR than women?

A

They have greater lean mass

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21
Q

True or False:

Energy expended by tissues is directly correlated with its mass

A

False

Examples:

Skeletal muscle makes up 50% of the body mass but 20% of energy expenditure

Heart, kidneys, liver and brain make up 6% of the body mass but 60% of energy expenditure

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22
Q

Which tissue receives a several fold increase in enery expenditure during exercise?

A

Skeletal muscle

23
Q

What happens to the coronary, kidney and splanchnic energy expenditure during exercise?

A

Coronary: Increases

Kidney: Decreases

Splanchnic: Decreases

24
Q

True or False:

Weight change in response to exercise is genetically determined

A

True

Determined through twin studies

25
Q

How much exercise is required to promote clinically significant weight loss?

A

225-420 minutes per week

26
Q

What are the benefits of exercise (weight loss) on metabolic health?

A
  • Improved lipid profile (↓ triglyceride, ↑ HDL)
  • Reduced fasting glucose and insulin levels
  • Improved insulin sensitivity
  • Reduced hepatic fat accumulation
  • Reduced blood pressure
  • Improved cardiac function
27
Q

What does non-exercise adaptive thermogenesis include?

A

Walking

Talking

Fidgeting

Postural allocation

28
Q

What is the biochemical cause of thermogenesis?

A

Uncoupling proteins in the mitochondria that produce heat

29
Q

What environmental cues cause adaptive thermogenesis?

A

Cold temperatures

Eating

30
Q

What is the difference between white and brown adipocytes?

A

White: One large fat store, few mitochondria. Stores energy

Brown: Few, multiple fat stores and many mitochondria. Expends energy

31
Q

How is brown adipose tissue sympathetically controlled?

A

Cold/food is detected by the brain which triggers sympathtic neurons to release noradrenaline which is recognised by the beta adrenoceptor on the brown adipocyte, this causes increased synthesis of cAMP, causing lipolysis of fat molecules and stimulates uncoupling proteins to produce heat

32
Q

True or False:

Brown fat is derived from muscle

A

True

33
Q

Where do white and brown fat originate from?

A
34
Q

Why do newborns have large amounts of brown fat?

A

To maintain core body temp since they have no shiver reflex

35
Q

What happens to brown fat volume over the lifespan?

A

Large amounts as a newborn but decreases when shivering reflex appears. Very low levels in childhood but dramatically increases during puberty reaching its peak during yound adulthood. Gradually decreases as we age

36
Q

Is brown adipose tissue more active in men or women?

A

Women

37
Q

How many calories does 50g of WAT store?

A

300-500 calories

38
Q

How many calories does 50g of BAT burn per day?

A

100-300 cal/day

39
Q

Approximately how much BAT does an adult human contain?

A

50-100g

40
Q

Other than burn energy, what else does BAT do?

A

Clearance of harmful metabolites (i.e. triglycerides)

Improved insulin sensitivity (i.e. glucose disposal)

Cardioprotective (improved metabolic health and secretion of batokines)

41
Q

Which uncoupling proteins are thermogeneic?

A

UCP 1

UCP 3

42
Q

Which uncoupling protein(s) are/is found in brown fat?

A

UCP 1

43
Q

Which uncoupling protein(s) are/is found in skeletal muscle?

A

UCP 2

UCP 3

44
Q

Which uncoupling protein in skeletal muscle is thermogeneic?

A

UCP3

45
Q

What tissue other than BAT is thermogeneic?

A

Skeletal muscle

46
Q

How does calcium cycling contribute to adaptive thermogenesis?

A

The Ca released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is actively pumped back in by the SERCA 1/2a to maintain calcium balance. This process consumes ATP and produces heat

47
Q

What are the physical characteristics of beige adipocytes?

A

Multiple fat droplets

More mitochondria that WAT

48
Q

Which type of fat can be turned into beige adipose tissue?

A

WAT

49
Q

What triggers cause WAT to brown?

A

Cold

Beta agonism

50
Q

What triggers cause beige adipose tissue to whiten?

A
51
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

The dissipation of energy through heat production

52
Q

Which tissues does thermogenesis occur in?

A

BAT, skeletal muscle and beige cells

53
Q

True or False:

Both NEAT and adaptive thermogenesis are controlled by the brain through the same network that regulates appetite

A

True

BMS3052 (26 decks)

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