47. Obesity/Neuro Flashcards
Which part of the brain are neuronal stem cells found?
Subventricular zone
What are some examples of neurodegeneratice diseases?
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Prion disease
Motor neurone diseases
Huntington’s disease
Spinocerebellar ataxia
Spinal muscular atrophy
What are the mechanisms of neurodegeneration?
Excitotoxicity
Neuroinflammation
Misfolded and aggregated proteins
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Depletion of neurotransmitters
Genetic mutations
BBB damage
Oxidative stress
Which mechanism of neurodegeneration is difficult to treat?
Excitotoxicity
Since it occurs within minutes
What are some neuroreparative/neuroregenerative mechanisms?
Neuronal growth factors
Anti-inflammatory
Antioxidants
Angiogenesis
Increasing endogenous stem cells
Anti-apoptotic
Neuronal differentiation
Neural plasticity
The gut-brain axis involves complex crosstalk between which system?
the endocrine (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), immune (cytokine and chemokines) and the autonomic nervous system
Where are we first exposed to bacteria (usually)? What does this effect?
A newborn is first exposed to the mother’s vaginal microbiota
- Influences the offspring’s microbial signature.
- Studies show that the gut microbiota is central to the development and maturation of the human CNS and ENS in these early postnatal weeks.
The microbes of the gut microbiota interact with the gut-brain axis through which pathways?
The vagus nerve
Neuroendocrine (gut hormone) signalling
Interference with Tryptophan metabolism
The Immune System
Altered Intestinal Permeability
Production of Microbial Metabolites
The ____ microbiota are a source of a significant amount of amyloids
The gut microbiota are a source of a significant amount of amyloids
How does the production of amyloid proteins helps bacterial cells to bind to each other?
forming biofilms and to resist destruction by physical or immune factors
How are bacterial amyloids different and similar to CNS amyloids?
Although bacterial amyloids differ from the CNS amyloids in their primary structure, they share similarities in their tertiary structure
Which factors have increased expression in the brain of animals exposed to curli-producing bacteria?
In the brain of animals exposed to curliproducing bacteria an increased expression of TLR2, Il-6, & TNF was found
Chen et al. (2016) rats exposed to curli-producing E. coli displayed what?
increased neuronal alpha-synuclein (α-syn) deposition in both the gut and brain, and enhanced microgliosis and astrogliosis compared to rats exposed to bacteria without the ability to produce curli
The gut-brain axis has been implicated in which neuropsychiatric disorders?
Major depressive disorder
Autism spectrum disorder
Schizophrenia
Research on gut microbiota in schizophrenia has found what?
Patients with SCZ exhibit altered gut microbiota
Gut microbiome transplantation from patients with SCZ induces SCZ-relevant behaviours in GF recipient mice
Metagenomic analysis identified differential pathways between SCZ microbiota and HC microbiota recipient mice
