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BMS3052 > 33. Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Introduction > Flashcards

33. Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Critical period

A

a maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli

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2
Q

Define

Neurodevelopmental disorder

A

impairments of the growth and development of the brain and/or central nervous system

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3
Q

Define

Cerebral cortex

A

Responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness and voluntary movement

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4
Q

Define

Amygdala

A

Part of the limbic system involved in emotion and aggression

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5
Q

Define

Cerebellum

A

Structure that coordinates fine muscle movement and balance

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6
Q

Define

Hypothalamus

A

Responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control

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7
Q

Define

Hippocampus

A

Part of the limbic system involeved in learning and memory

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8
Q

Define

Medulla

A

Responsible for regulating largely unconsicious functions such as breathing and circulation

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9
Q

Define

Neocortex

A

the large 6-layered dorsal region of the cerebral cortex that is unique to mammals

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10
Q

Define

Gastrula

A

an early metazoan embryo in which the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established either by invagination of the blastula (as in fish and amphibians) to form a multilayered cellular cup with a blastopore opening into the archenteron or by differentiation of the blastodisc (as in reptiles, birds, and mammals) and inward cellular migration

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11
Q

Define

Ectoderm

A

the outermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo that is the source of various tissues and structures (such as the epidermis, the nervous system, and the eyes and ears)

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12
Q

Define

Neural tube

A

the hollow longitudinal dorsal tube formed by infolding and subsequent fusion of the opposite ectodermal folds in the vertebrate embryo that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Define

Notochord

A

Rod-like structure in the middles of the embryo that secretes factors that provide position and fate information

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14
Q

Define

Circuit formation

A

Growth of axons and dendrites followed by synapse formation (synaptogenesis)

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15
Q

Define

Radial glial cell

A

bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Define

Ventricular zone

A

a transient embryonic layer of tissue containing neural stem cells, principally radial glial cells, of the central nervous system (CNS)

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17
Q

Define

Tangenital migration

A

the movement of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex

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18
Q

Define

Ganglionic eminence

A

a transitory structure in the development of the nervous system that guides cell and axon migration. It is present in the embryonic and fetal stages of neural development found between the thalamus and caudate nucleus

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19
Q

Define

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

any of a group of developmental disorders marked by impairments in the ability to communicate and interact socially and by the presence of repetitive behaviors or restricted interests

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20
Q

Define

Schizophrenia

A

a mental illness that is characterized by disturbances in thought (such as delusions), perception (such as hallucinations), and behavior (such as disorganized speech or catatonic behavior), by a loss of emotional responsiveness and extreme apathy, and by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life

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21
Q

Define

GABA

A

an amino acid C4H9NO2 that is a neurotransmitter which induces inhibition of postsynaptic neurons

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22
Q

Definition

a maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli

A

Critical period

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23
Q

Definition

impairments of the growth and development of the brain and/or central nervous system

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder

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24
Q

Definition

Responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness and voluntary movement

A

Cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
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25
Q

Definition

Part of the limbic system involved in emotion and aggression

A

Amygdala

26
Q

Definition

Structure that coordinates fine muscle movement and balance

A

Cerebellum

27
Q

Definition

Responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control

A

Hypothalamus

28
Q

Definition

Part of the limbic system involeved in learning and memory

A

Hippocampus

29
Q

Definition

Responsible for regulating largely unconsicious functions such as breathing and circulation

A

Medulla

30
Q

Definition

the large 6-layered dorsal region of the cerebral cortex that is unique to mammals

A

Neocortex

31
Q

Definition

an early metazoan embryo in which the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established either by invagination of the blastula (as in fish and amphibians) to form a multilayered cellular cup with a blastopore opening into the archenteron or by differentiation of the blastodisc (as in reptiles, birds, and mammals) and inward cellular migration

A

Gastrula

32
Q

Definition

the outermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo that is the source of various tissues and structures (such as the epidermis, the nervous system, and the eyes and ears)

A

Ectoderm

33
Q

Definition

the hollow longitudinal dorsal tube formed by infolding and subsequent fusion of the opposite ectodermal folds in the vertebrate embryo that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord

A

Neural tube

34
Q

Definition

Rod-like structure in the middles of the embryo that secretes factors that provide position and fate information

A

Notochord

35
Q

Definition

Growth of axons and dendrites followed by synapse formation (synaptogenesis)

A

Circuit formation

36
Q

Definition

bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex

A

Radial glial cell

37
Q

Definition

a transient embryonic layer of tissue containing neural stem cells, principally radial glial cells, of the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Ventricular zone

38
Q

Definition

the movement of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex

A

Tangenital migration

39
Q

Definition

a transitory structure in the development of the nervous system that guides cell and axon migration. It is present in the embryonic and fetal stages of neural development found between the thalamus and caudate nucleus

A

Ganglionic eminence

40
Q

Definition

any of a group of developmental disorders marked by impairments in the ability to communicate and interact socially and by the presence of repetitive behaviors or restricted interests

A

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

41
Q

Definition

a mental illness that is characterized by disturbances in thought (such as delusions), perception (such as hallucinations), and behavior (such as disorganized speech or catatonic behavior), by a loss of emotional responsiveness and extreme apathy, and by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life

A

Schizophrenia

42
Q

Definition

an amino acid C4H9NO2 that is a neurotransmitter which induces inhibition of postsynaptic neurons

A

GABA

43
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

44
Q

Which germ layer does the nervous system originate from?

A

Ectoderm

45
Q

At the end of week 3 of gestation, the ________induces the formation of _________ from the ectoderm, which then folds and fuse to form the neural tube.

A

At the end of week 3 of gestation, the notochord induces the formation of neural plate from the ectoderm, which then folds and fuse to form the neural tube.

46
Q

What does the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain differentiate into?

A

Forebrain:

  • Telecephalon (Cerebrum)
  • Diencephalon (Hypothalamus)

Midbrain:

  • Mesencephalon (Brainstem)

Hindbrain:

  • Melencephalon (Pons and cerebellum)
  • Myelencephalon (Medulla)
47
Q

How do excitatory neuron migrate?

A

Excitatory neurons attach to radial glial cells allowing them to migrate from the ventricular zone to the surface of the brain

48
Q

Where are excitatory neurons “born”?

A

Ventricular zone

49
Q

Where are inhibitory neurons “born”?

A

Ganglionic eminence

50
Q

How do inhibitory neurons migrate?

A

There are no radial glial cells to attach to so they “swim” from the ganglionic eminence towards the surface of the brain based on guidance cues

51
Q

Which neurons are primarily found in layers 2 and 3?

A

Inhibitory neurons

52
Q

During what stage does the vast majority of the congenital abnormalities occur?

A

Embryonic stage of prenatl development

53
Q

What are the two stages of prenatal development?

A

Embryonic

Fetal

54
Q

What is the characteristics of the brain at birth?

A

Gross anatomy of CNS resembles adult

Repertoire of neurons of neocortex are largely established

55
Q

What happens to the brain during infancy?

A

Massive outgrowth of dendrites and axons

Synaptogenesis, gliogenesis, myelination

Neurogenesis in cerebellum still occurring,

56
Q

What structural changes occur in the adolescent brain?

A

Reduction in grey matter of neocortex – pruning of synapses

Increases in white matter – increased myelination and connectivity

Axonal sprouting and growth in circuits in the amygdala and cortex

57
Q

What behaviour changes occur due to the structural changes of the adolescent brain?

A

Increased social behaviour

Novelty and sensation seeking

Tendencies towards risk taking

Emotional instability

Impulsivity

Dominance of peer relationships

58
Q

What are the three main critical periods and when do they occur?

A

Senses (infancy)

Language (late infancy/early childhood)

Higher cognition (childhood)

59
Q

What causes neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

deficits in neurogenesis, progenitor cell proliferation, migration, synapse formation and myelination during embryogenesis

60
Q

What is the role of GABA in neuronal development?

A
  • During embryonic and early postnatal development, GABA is excitatory
  • GABA is crucial for generating synchronised patterns of activity of developing networks
  • GABA switches from excitatory to inhibitory at birth potentially to protect neurons from hypoxia
61
Q

What is the excitatory/inhibitory theory for neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

Alterations in the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory cortical activity contribute to NDD

BMS3052 (26 decks)

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