Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

npte study decks > research > Flashcards

research Flashcards

1
Q

what is the highest form of evidence?

A

meta-analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the MAIN difference between meta-analysis and systematic reviews?

A

meta analysis: statistics is performed

systematic reviews: statistics is NOT performed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which level of evidence/type of study determines the efficacy of an intervention and participants are randomly allocated into different groups?

A

RCTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which type of study is an observational study that compares a group of people’s outcomes who share a common characteristic?

A

cohort study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what’s the difference between prospective and retrospective cohort studies?

A

prospective: data will be collected in the future/collecting ongoing data

retrospective: data has already been collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which type of study compares a group of individuals with a SPECIFIC CONDITION with a group of people without the same condition?

A

case control studies

need a control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which type of study is observational where data is collected from a population at a SINGLE POINT IN TIME?

A

cross sectional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

arrange these in order from best level of evidence to worst?

cohort studies
RCTs
cross sectional studies
meta-analysis
case series/case reports
systematic review
case control studies

A

meta-analysis
systematic review
RCTs
cohort studies
case control studies
cross sectional studies
case series/case reports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which type of study is observational and involves repeated measurements of the same individuals or groups across extended periods of time to understand patterns?

A

longitudinal studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

true or false: cohort studies are one type of longitudinal studies, but not all longitudinal studies are cohort studies.

A

true

longitudinal studies could include a group of people who do not share a common event

cohort studies may or may not have that follow up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which type of study documents a clinical case of a single patient or series of patients?

A

case series/case report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the weakest level of evidence?

A

case series/case report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

if you are observing 2 groups with and without stroke and there is no control group or intervention, what type of study is this?

A

cohort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

is a statistical analysis done in qualitative research?

A

no bc you don’t have numbers. you do it in qualitative research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the medical outcomes study 36-item short form is a survey to measure ______.

A

QOL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the two types of qualitative, NOn parametric data?

A

nominal
ordinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

data that is labelled into mutually exclusive categories, like gender, is ________ data.

A

nominal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

data that is measured in rank and the order matters is _____ data. ex. MMT, MAS, level of assistance

A

ordinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the two types of. quantitative data?

A

discrete
continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are interval and ratio used in parametric or non parametric data?

A

parametric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

discrete data is ______ numbers

A

whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

is continuous data whole numbers or numbers with decimals ?

A

numbers with decimals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the main difference between interval and ratio data?

A

interval: the difference between two values is meaningful and holds no true zero (ex. temp, IQ)

ratio: has all the properties of an interval variable but has a clear definition of true zero (ex. height, weight, age, money)

rati0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the results of the modified ashworth scale is an example of what kind of data?

A

ordinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

reliability is the _______ of an instrument or measure

A

consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what type of reliability is when a test is performed by one person several times?

A

intra-rater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what type of reliability is when a test is performed by 2 or more individuals on different subjects for testing 1 variable?

A

inter-rater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what type of reliability is when the same test is given to the same individuals on two occasions?

A

test-retest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

validity is the extent to which the instruments used in an experience measure __________________.

A

exactly what you want them to measure

30
Q

what is the strongest form of validity?

A

concurrent

test performed and compared to the gold standard and results are matched

31
Q

name the type of validity: HR is measured by peripheral pulse vs ECG readings and the results are matched

A

concurrent

32
Q

name the type of validity: test should measure specifically what the patient problem is. (ex. for functional balance and fall risk, the TUG is used)

A

content

33
Q

name the type of validity: the test should measure what it’s supposed to (ex. using a goni to test ROM)

A

construct

device is constructed for a particular use

34
Q

what is the weakest form of validity

A

face validity

35
Q

what type of validity is when the outcome measure measures what it looks like/appears it will measure related to the patient problem?

A

face validity

more subjective

36
Q

type 1 error is a false ________

A

positive

37
Q

type 2 error is a false ________

A

negative

38
Q

if a sensitive test is positive, the patient _____ the condition

A

has

39
Q

is a sensitive test is negative, the condition is ruled (in/out)

A

out

SnOut

40
Q

negative (sensitive/specific) tests help rule conditions out

A

sensitive

SnOut
few false negatives

41
Q

positive (sensitive/specific) tests help rule conditions in

A

specific

SpIn
few false positives

42
Q

can you come to a diagnosis with a positive specific test?

A

no but you know there is a condition, but you should do further testing to confirm

43
Q

specific tests are used to determine if a patient is ______. sensitive tests determine if a patient has _________.

A

healthy

condition

44
Q

equations for % sensitivity and specificity

A

sensitivity: TP/(TP+FN)

specificity: TN/(TN+FP)

45
Q

_____ _________ _____s are tools designed to improve decision making in clinical practice by assisting practitioners in making a particular dx

A

clinical prediction rules (CPRs)

46
Q

list two examples of CPRs

A

ottawa ankle rules
DVT Wells Criteria

47
Q

what is the outcome or variable of interest in a study?

A

dependent

48
Q

what is the intervention/variable that is manipulated or changed in a study?

A

independent variable

49
Q

what is a null hypothesis?

A

no significant differences in group means

50
Q

what is an alternative hypothesis?

A

significant differences in group means

51
Q

what is considered as an independent variable in an analysis but is not of primary interest? It’s also a potential source of variation?

A

covariate

52
Q

is parametric or non-parametric research more powerful?

A

parametric

53
Q

parametric research has an (equal/unequal) distribution

A

equal

54
Q

does parametric research use qualitative or quantitative data?

A

quanitative (interval and ratio)

55
Q

what t-test compares the difference between 2 equal sample sizes with difference characteristics?

A

independent

56
Q

what t-test compares differences between 2 groups with the same characteristics?

A

paired t-test

57
Q

in a one tailed t-test, you have a ________ hypothesis

A

directional (you can tell what’s gonna happen)

58
Q

in a two tailed t-test, you have a ________ hypothesis

A

non-directional (you don’t know what will happen)

59
Q

for a one way ANOVA, you need at least ___ groups compared on ___ intervention

A

3, 1

60
Q

for a two way ANOVA, you need at least ____ groups compared on ____ interventions

A

3, 2

61
Q

for repeated measures ANOVA, individuals are measured over _____.

A

time

62
Q

ANCOVA is an extension of ____ and uses a ________

A

ANOVA
covariable

63
Q

Chi square, Mann Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis test are all examples of _______ tests

A

non-parametric

64
Q

which non-parametric test compares three or more groups ?

A

Kruskal Wallis (remember unequal groups)

65
Q

which non-parametric test uses nominal/categorical data to find difference between groups?

A

chi square

66
Q

which non-parametric test uses continuous or ordinal data to test the null hypothesis with two independent samples from the same popualtion?

A

mann whitney U test

67
Q

what are the ranges for strength of correlation coefficient (r)

A

high (.76-1.00)
moderate (.51-.75)
fair (.26-.5)
low (0-.25)

68
Q

________ is used to determine how one variable affects another and is expressed in the form of an equation?

A

regression (R)

69
Q

an R^2 value of >.5 is strong or weak?

A

strong

more than .5 is strong
less than .5 is weak

70
Q

the pearson product correlation (r) is used for

A

quantifying association between two variables parametric test

71
Q

the spearman rho correlation is used for

A

quantifying association between two variables in a non-parametric test

npte study decks (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions