research Flashcards
what is the highest form of evidence?
meta-analysis
what is the MAIN difference between meta-analysis and systematic reviews?
meta analysis: statistics is performed
systematic reviews: statistics is NOT performed
which level of evidence/type of study determines the efficacy of an intervention and participants are randomly allocated into different groups?
RCTs
which type of study is an observational study that compares a group of people’s outcomes who share a common characteristic?
cohort study
what’s the difference between prospective and retrospective cohort studies?
prospective: data will be collected in the future/collecting ongoing data
retrospective: data has already been collected
which type of study compares a group of individuals with a SPECIFIC CONDITION with a group of people without the same condition?
case control studies
need a control group
which type of study is observational where data is collected from a population at a SINGLE POINT IN TIME?
cross sectional
arrange these in order from best level of evidence to worst?
cohort studies
RCTs
cross sectional studies
meta-analysis
case series/case reports
systematic review
case control studies
meta-analysis
systematic review
RCTs
cohort studies
case control studies
cross sectional studies
case series/case reports
which type of study is observational and involves repeated measurements of the same individuals or groups across extended periods of time to understand patterns?
longitudinal studies
true or false: cohort studies are one type of longitudinal studies, but not all longitudinal studies are cohort studies.
true
longitudinal studies could include a group of people who do not share a common event
cohort studies may or may not have that follow up
which type of study documents a clinical case of a single patient or series of patients?
case series/case report
what is the weakest level of evidence?
case series/case report
if you are observing 2 groups with and without stroke and there is no control group or intervention, what type of study is this?
cohort
is a statistical analysis done in qualitative research?
no bc you don’t have numbers. you do it in qualitative research
the medical outcomes study 36-item short form is a survey to measure ______.
QOL
what are the two types of qualitative, NOn parametric data?
nominal
ordinal
data that is labelled into mutually exclusive categories, like gender, is ________ data.
nominal
data that is measured in rank and the order matters is _____ data. ex. MMT, MAS, level of assistance
ordinal
what are the two types of. quantitative data?
discrete
continuous
are interval and ratio used in parametric or non parametric data?
parametric
discrete data is ______ numbers
whole
is continuous data whole numbers or numbers with decimals ?
numbers with decimals
what is the main difference between interval and ratio data?
interval: the difference between two values is meaningful and holds no true zero (ex. temp, IQ)
ratio: has all the properties of an interval variable but has a clear definition of true zero (ex. height, weight, age, money)
rati0
the results of the modified ashworth scale is an example of what kind of data?
ordinal
reliability is the _______ of an instrument or measure
consistency
what type of reliability is when a test is performed by one person several times?
intra-rater
what type of reliability is when a test is performed by 2 or more individuals on different subjects for testing 1 variable?
inter-rater
what type of reliability is when the same test is given to the same individuals on two occasions?
test-retest
validity is the extent to which the instruments used in an experience measure __________________.
exactly what you want them to measure
what is the strongest form of validity?
concurrent
test performed and compared to the gold standard and results are matched
name the type of validity: HR is measured by peripheral pulse vs ECG readings and the results are matched
concurrent
name the type of validity: test should measure specifically what the patient problem is. (ex. for functional balance and fall risk, the TUG is used)
content
name the type of validity: the test should measure what it’s supposed to (ex. using a goni to test ROM)
construct
device is constructed for a particular use
what is the weakest form of validity
face validity
what type of validity is when the outcome measure measures what it looks like/appears it will measure related to the patient problem?
face validity
more subjective
type 1 error is a false ________
positive
type 2 error is a false ________
negative
if a sensitive test is positive, the patient _____ the condition
has
is a sensitive test is negative, the condition is ruled (in/out)
out
SnOut
negative (sensitive/specific) tests help rule conditions out
sensitive
SnOut
few false negatives
positive (sensitive/specific) tests help rule conditions in
specific
SpIn
few false positives
can you come to a diagnosis with a positive specific test?
no but you know there is a condition, but you should do further testing to confirm
specific tests are used to determine if a patient is ______. sensitive tests determine if a patient has _________.
healthy
condition
equations for % sensitivity and specificity
sensitivity: TP/(TP+FN)
specificity: TN/(TN+FP)
_____ _________ _____s are tools designed to improve decision making in clinical practice by assisting practitioners in making a particular dx
clinical prediction rules (CPRs)
list two examples of CPRs
ottawa ankle rules
DVT Wells Criteria
what is the outcome or variable of interest in a study?
dependent
what is the intervention/variable that is manipulated or changed in a study?
independent variable
what is a null hypothesis?
no significant differences in group means
what is an alternative hypothesis?
significant differences in group means
what is considered as an independent variable in an analysis but is not of primary interest? It’s also a potential source of variation?
covariate
is parametric or non-parametric research more powerful?
parametric
parametric research has an (equal/unequal) distribution
equal
does parametric research use qualitative or quantitative data?
quanitative (interval and ratio)
what t-test compares the difference between 2 equal sample sizes with difference characteristics?
independent
what t-test compares differences between 2 groups with the same characteristics?
paired t-test
in a one tailed t-test, you have a ________ hypothesis
directional (you can tell what’s gonna happen)
in a two tailed t-test, you have a ________ hypothesis
non-directional (you don’t know what will happen)
for a one way ANOVA, you need at least ___ groups compared on ___ intervention
3, 1
for a two way ANOVA, you need at least ____ groups compared on ____ interventions
3, 2
for repeated measures ANOVA, individuals are measured over _____.
time
ANCOVA is an extension of ____ and uses a ________
ANOVA
covariable
Chi square, Mann Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis test are all examples of _______ tests
non-parametric
which non-parametric test compares three or more groups ?
Kruskal Wallis (remember unequal groups)
which non-parametric test uses nominal/categorical data to find difference between groups?
chi square
which non-parametric test uses continuous or ordinal data to test the null hypothesis with two independent samples from the same popualtion?
mann whitney U test
what are the ranges for strength of correlation coefficient (r)
high (.76-1.00)
moderate (.51-.75)
fair (.26-.5)
low (0-.25)
________ is used to determine how one variable affects another and is expressed in the form of an equation?
regression (R)
an R^2 value of >.5 is strong or weak?
strong
more than .5 is strong
less than .5 is weak
the pearson product correlation (r) is used for
quantifying association between two variables parametric test
the spearman rho correlation is used for
quantifying association between two variables in a non-parametric test
