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npte study decks > endocrine, urinary, etc. > Flashcards

endocrine, urinary, etc. Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 signs of metabolic syndrome?

A

WE IG HHT

  1. waist circumference, >40 inches for men or >35 for women
  2. Triglycerides 150 mg/dL or higher
  3. HDL < 40 mg/dL in men or < 50 in women (this is the good cholesterol so less is bad)
  4. BP 130 and/or diastolic 85 or higher
  5. fasting plasma glucose >100 mg/dL

3 or more need to be present for dx or metabolic syndrome

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2
Q

thyroid hormones produce hormones that…

A

control the rate at which cells burn the fuel from blood (metabolism)

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3
Q

the parathyroid gland regulates…

A

calcium and phosphate metabolism

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4
Q

the adrenal gland produces corticosteroids that…

A

regulate water and sodium balance, the body’s response to stress, the immune system, and metabolism

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Addison’s disease?

A

Mrs. Addison (old brown lady)

-adrenal insufficiency (decreased cortisol and aldosterone)
-decreased BP, dehydration (water is out)
-hyperkalemia (potassium)
-decreased glucose
-weigh loss
-generalized weakness
-cold intolerance
-stress, anx, depression
-bronze pigmented skin (MSH)

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6
Q

what are the 2 things aldosterone does?

A
  1. retain Na+ and water
  2. kick out K+
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7
Q

what are the 4 things cortisol does?

A
  1. regulates BP
  2. regulates stress
  3. decreases inflammation
  4. glucose formation
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8
Q

Describe the characteristics of Cushing’s?

A

Mr. Cushing is a big white chubby guy who has a beer belly

  1. increased ACTH
  2. elevated cortisol and aldosterone
  3. increased BP and water retention
  4. increased glucose
  5. hypokalemia
  6. Ruddy appearance
  7. weight gain, centripetal obesity
  8. proximal muscle weakness
  9. increased susceptibility to infection, poor wound healing
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9
Q

distinguish between Cushing’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome?

A

disease: issue with the pituitary gland (secreting too much ACTH, stimulating adrenal gland and more cortisol released)

syndrome: adrenal gland tumor with secretes more cortisol, or too much corticosteroids

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10
Q

describe the characteristics of hyperthyroidism

A

think of David

-increased T3 and T4, low TSH
-increased HR
-heat intolerance
-diarrhea
-hyperreflexia
-Grave’s disease (thyroid storm)
-restlessness
-increased glucose absorption
-sweaty

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11
Q

describe the characteristics of hypothyroidism

A

think of a lazy person on a couch

-decreased T3 and T4, high TSH (keeps secreting so you have less T3 and T4)
-decreased HR
-increased BP
-cold intolerance (need a blanket on the couch)
-decreased glucose absorption, so higher blood glucose
-constipation
-sleepy, tired, proximal muscle weakness
-dry hair and skin
-weight gain and decreased appetite
-decreased perspiration
-prolonged DTR
-Hashimotos (autoimmune, decreased thyroid)

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12
Q

parathyroid has a direct relation to ____ and an inverse relation to ________

A

calcium, phosphate

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13
Q

what will you see with hyperparathyroidism?

A

increased Ca+
decreased serum phosphate
(this can demineralize bone which causes bone weakness and decreased density)

symtoms are osteopenia, gout, kidney stones, peptic ulcers, proximal muscle weakness, glove and stocking sensory loss, fatigue etc

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14
Q

what will you see in hypoparathyroidism?

A

low calcium and high phosphorous

sx: Convulsions, cardiac Arrhythmias, muscle twitching, Tetany, muscle cramps and Spasms, paresthesia of fingertips and mouth, fatigue, weakness

CATS are NUMB

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15
Q

Type 1 DM is when….

A

pancreas does not produce insulin, insulin dependent DM

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16
Q

sx of DM1

A

PPP: polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia (increased hunger, peeing, and thirst

weight loss, dehydration, blurred vision, ketoacidosis (fat is fuel instead of sugar)

at risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (fruity odor )

17
Q

DM2 is also known as insulin ________ DM

A

resistant

18
Q

is ketoacidosis common in DM2?

A

no it’s rare

19
Q

what are the three values that dx DM?

A
  1. Fasting blood glucose level is >126
  2. random blood glucose level: >200
  3. HbA1C: 4-6%, over 10 means immediate insulin therapy
20
Q

what are the early and late signs of hypoglycemia? glucose is <70?

A

early: pallor, sweating, shakiness, poor coordination/unsteady gait, tachy, dizziness, excessive hunger

late: slurred speech, drowsiness, confusion, LOC or coma

cold and clammy give me a candy

21
Q

what are the early and late signs of hyperglycemia? glucose is >300?

A

early: weakness, dry mouth, frequent/scant urine, deep and rapid respirations, dull senses, confusion, diminished reflexes, excessive thirst

late: fruity odor of breath (ketoacidosis), hyperglycemic coma

**hot and dry sugar high (give insulin)

22
Q

when should I exercise a pt with DM1?

A

early morning

why? to avoid hypoglycemia resulting from fluctuations in insulin activity. insulin sensitivity increases with exercise, tissue absorbs insulin, glucose decreases

23
Q

when should I avoid exercising a pt with DM?

A

at peak insulin hours (2-4 hours)

example: insulin at 9AM, avoid exercising 11-1PM

24
Q

what is a safe blood glucose range to exercise in?

A

101-250.

25
Q

if blood glucose is <70 or >300, should my pt exercise?

A

no

26
Q

if blood glucose is 250-300, can I exercise?

A

yes but proceed with caution if no DKA

27
Q

if blood glucose is 70-100 before exercise, what should I do?

A

give pt a carb snack and wait 15 min then recheck

28
Q

how can I take care of my diabetic feet?

A

don’t soak them
no moisturizer between toes
buy shoes in afternoon (swelling)
check for cuts regularly
soft shoes
white socks
alternate between laces and velcro

29
Q

if your patient with DM2 suddenly gets lightheaded and dizzy working on the treadmill, what should you do?

A

give them a sugary name

cold and clammy give me a candy

30
Q

what kind of incontinence is d/t exertion (coughing, sneezing, exercising..)

A

stress

can be seen postpartum d/t pelvic floor muscle weakness

31
Q

what kind of incontinence involves a strong desire to void, commonly seen with infections or UMN lesions?

A

urge

32
Q

what kind of incontinence is caused by an acontractile or underactive detrusor muscle, urine will typically dribble out?

A

overflow

33
Q

what kind of incontinence is d.t mobility/dexterity/cognitive deficits? Can be seen with dementia?

A

functional

example: can’t unbutton pants fast enough and then pees

**can be seen in late parkinson’s

34
Q

how would I treat stress incontinence?

A

strengthen pelvic floor muscles

35
Q

how would I treat urge incontinence?

A

treat infection, create a voiding schedule

36
Q

how would I treat functional incontinence?

A

improve accessibility, clear clutter from bathroom, prompted/cued voiding

37
Q

how would I treat overflow incontinence?

A

double voiding, medication, catheterization

38
Q

what type of incontinence is seen with DM?

A

overflow

npte study decks (19 decks)

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