pharmacology Flashcards
what are the three main antihypertensive drugs?
diuretics
ACE inhibitors
ARB blockers
ONLY HYPERTENSIVE MEDS
what are the two main antiarrhythmic drugs AND antihypertensives?
Beta blockers
Ca channel blockers
reduce HR & BP
what are the effects of beta blockers?
decrease HR and BP
broncho constriction
vasodilation
what are some side effects of beta blockers?
orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, bradycardia, venous pooling, ringing in the ears, lightheadedness
how will beta blockers affect ECG?
PR interval will increase because HR is lower
what do calcium channel blockers do?
block entry of calcium into cardiac tissue, reducing cardiac contractility and vasoconstriction
decrease HR, BP, cause bronchodilation
what do beta blockers do to afterload?
decrease it
should i give beta blockers to ppl with COPD and asthma?
NO because they cause bronchoconstriction
how do calcium channel blockers affect the ECG?
prolonged QT interval because contractility is decreased
side effects of calcium channel blockers?
orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, lightheadedness, ringing of the ears, venous pooling
drugs ending in -pines and -zem are what?
calcium channel blockers
drugs ending in -olol are what?
B blockers
for patients taking ca channel blockers and beta blockers, what scale should I use for exercise rx?
RPE :)
loop diuretics flush out _____ and _____ so you can possibly end up with hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, and dehydration
water and electrolytes
what is Lasix?
a loop diuretic
what’s another important side effect of loop diuretics?
reflex tachycardia
what are loop diuretics used for?
HTN, CHF, pulmonary edema
they flush shit out
Spironolactone is a _____ ______ diuretic
potassium sparing
what is a big side effect of spironolactone?
hyperkalemia (too much potassium)
thiazides excrete everything out but…
CLUG
calcium, lipids, urea, glucose
thiazides are _____ that inhibit reabsorption of ____ and ______
diuretics, water, sodium
drugs that end in -pril are what?
ACE inhibitors
ACE-pril (april)
is hyper or hypokalemia a side effect of ACE inhibitors and ARB blockers?
hyperkalemia
the liver secretes _______ 1, converts to ________ 2 which acts on _________ to release ________ which retains water and sodium and kicks potassium out
bonus: how does ACE inhibitor affect this?
angiotensin 1, angiotensin 2, adrenals, aldosterone which retains water and sodium and kicks potassium out
ACE inhibitors stop this from happening so there will be excess potassium = hyperkalemia, and water and Na are kicked out
sides effects of ACE inhibitors?
dry hacking cough, hyperkalemia
does ACE inhibitors affect the heart?
no
-sartan refers to what group of drugs?
ARB blockers
examples of cardiac glycosides?
Digitalis, Digitoxin, and Digoxin (Lanoxin)
how does Digitalis, Digitoxin, and Digoxin (Lanoxin) work and what are they used for?
they reduce HR and increase strength of contraction
CHF
ECG changes seen with cardiac glycosides?
prolonged PR interval, shortened QT interval
side effects of Digitalis?
digoxin toxicity
arrhythmia, palpitations, fatigue, GI upset, visual disturbances, hyperkalemia, confusion
what are nitrates (nitroglycerin) used for?
vasodilation of arterial and venous vessels
used for angina (relaxes BP)
how do you give NTGs?
bonus: position of pt?
sublingually, 3 doses every 5 minutes
pt must sit or lay.
what do you do if there is no relief after giving a pt a second dose of nitroglycerin?
call 911
are nitroglycerins taken short term or long term?
short term
beta blockers and Ca channel blockers are good to take long term to prevent angina
warfarin (coumadin) and heparin are…
what are they used for?
anticoagulants
DVT MI and stroke
If a patient is on anticoagulants, what is an appropriate INR?
2-3
what is normal INR?
0.9-1
what is normal prothrombin time?
12-25 s
what if a patient on anticoagulants has an INR above 6?
bedrest until corrected
Aspirin is an _____ and a _____
anti-platelet, NSAID
what is aspirin used for?
prevents aggregation of platelets, prevents stroke and MI
side effects of anti-platelets?
peptic ulcers, gastritis, risk of internal bleeding
what does cox2 do?
produces inflammation
what in an example of a selective nsaid?
celebrex
selective NSAIDs block
cox2 only
non-selective nsaids block
both cox1 (healthy prostaglandins) and cox2
name 3 types of non-selective NSAIDS
aspirin, ibuprofen, Naproxen
side effects of selective NSAIDS
increased risk of MI and stroke
side effects of non-selective NSAIDS
bleeding, gastic ulcers, nausea, vomiting
acetaminophen is a…
pain reliever
also calle tylenol
is acetaminophen antiinflammatory?
no…just antipyretic, analgesic, headache
overuse of acetaminophen can cause….
liver damage
what is the antidote for opioid overdose?
Naloxone
how many minutes before therapy should I take opioids?
30 min
what drugs end in -pam and -lams
Benzodiazepines
what do benzodiazepines do?
causes GABA to secrete (inhibitory)
used to treat muscle spasms, anxiety, insomnia, alc withdrawal, acute epileptic attacks
what is a big side effect of benzos? when is best time to take it?
falls risk
at night (dont drive after taking)
Baclofen is a …
muscle relaxant
reduces muscle spasticity seen in spinal cord lesions (MS, SCI)
side effects of Baclofen?
hypotonia, confusion, falls, drowsiness
what is Botulinum Toxin used for?
muscle spasticity seen with CP
what drugs end in -ol ? what are they used for?
bronchodilator drugs
used for asthma and COPD
side effects of bronchodilators ?
tremors, palpitation, gI disturbance, dry mouth
penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin, and gentamicin all treat
bacterial infections
what is an adverse effect of gentamicin?
ototoxicity (BPPV)
what is methotrexate used for?
RA
what drug can treat peripheral neuropathy?
Lyrica/Gabapentin
statins are used for
cholesterol
side effect of statins?
rhabdomyolisis
what is phenobartibal used for?
epileptic patients
what can help with autoimmune conditions
corticosteroids
taking cortiocosteroids long term can lead to
osteoporosis
