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pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main antihypertensive drugs?

A

diuretics

ACE inhibitors

ARB blockers

ONLY HYPERTENSIVE MEDS

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2
Q

what are the two main antiarrhythmic drugs AND antihypertensives?

A

Beta blockers
Ca channel blockers

reduce HR & BP

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3
Q

what are the effects of beta blockers?

A

decrease HR and BP
broncho constriction
vasodilation

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4
Q

what are some side effects of beta blockers?

A

orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, bradycardia, venous pooling, ringing in the ears, lightheadedness

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5
Q

how will beta blockers affect ECG?

A

PR interval will increase because HR is lower

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6
Q

what do calcium channel blockers do?

A

block entry of calcium into cardiac tissue, reducing cardiac contractility and vasoconstriction

decrease HR, BP, cause bronchodilation

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7
Q

what do beta blockers do to afterload?

A

decrease it

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8
Q

should i give beta blockers to ppl with COPD and asthma?

A

NO because they cause bronchoconstriction

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9
Q

how do calcium channel blockers affect the ECG?

A

prolonged QT interval because contractility is decreased

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10
Q

side effects of calcium channel blockers?

A

orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, lightheadedness, ringing of the ears, venous pooling

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11
Q

drugs ending in -pines and -zem are what?

A

calcium channel blockers

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12
Q

drugs ending in -olol are what?

A

B blockers

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13
Q

for patients taking ca channel blockers and beta blockers, what scale should I use for exercise rx?

A

RPE :)

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14
Q

loop diuretics flush out _____ and _____ so you can possibly end up with hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, and dehydration

A

water and electrolytes

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15
Q

what is Lasix?

A

a loop diuretic

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16
Q

what’s another important side effect of loop diuretics?

A

reflex tachycardia

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17
Q

what are loop diuretics used for?

A

HTN, CHF, pulmonary edema

they flush shit out

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18
Q

Spironolactone is a _____ ______ diuretic

A

potassium sparing

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19
Q

what is a big side effect of spironolactone?

A

hyperkalemia (too much potassium)

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20
Q

thiazides excrete everything out but…

A

CLUG

calcium, lipids, urea, glucose

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21
Q

thiazides are _____ that inhibit reabsorption of ____ and ______

A

diuretics, water, sodium

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22
Q

drugs that end in -pril are what?

A

ACE inhibitors

ACE-pril (april)

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23
Q

is hyper or hypokalemia a side effect of ACE inhibitors and ARB blockers?

A

hyperkalemia

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24
Q

the liver secretes _______ 1, converts to ________ 2 which acts on _________ to release ________ which retains water and sodium and kicks potassium out

bonus: how does ACE inhibitor affect this?

A

angiotensin 1, angiotensin 2, adrenals, aldosterone which retains water and sodium and kicks potassium out

ACE inhibitors stop this from happening so there will be excess potassium = hyperkalemia, and water and Na are kicked out

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25
Q

sides effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

dry hacking cough, hyperkalemia

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26
Q

does ACE inhibitors affect the heart?

A

no

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27
Q

-sartan refers to what group of drugs?

A

ARB blockers

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28
Q

examples of cardiac glycosides?

A

Digitalis, Digitoxin, and Digoxin (Lanoxin)

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29
Q

how does Digitalis, Digitoxin, and Digoxin (Lanoxin) work and what are they used for?

A

they reduce HR and increase strength of contraction

CHF

30
Q

ECG changes seen with cardiac glycosides?

A

prolonged PR interval, shortened QT interval

31
Q

side effects of Digitalis?

A

digoxin toxicity

arrhythmia, palpitations, fatigue, GI upset, visual disturbances, hyperkalemia, confusion

32
Q

what are nitrates (nitroglycerin) used for?

A

vasodilation of arterial and venous vessels

used for angina (relaxes BP)

33
Q

how do you give NTGs?

bonus: position of pt?

A

sublingually, 3 doses every 5 minutes

pt must sit or lay.

34
Q

what do you do if there is no relief after giving a pt a second dose of nitroglycerin?

A

call 911

35
Q

are nitroglycerins taken short term or long term?

A

short term

beta blockers and Ca channel blockers are good to take long term to prevent angina

36
Q

warfarin (coumadin) and heparin are…

what are they used for?

A

anticoagulants

DVT MI and stroke

37
Q

If a patient is on anticoagulants, what is an appropriate INR?

A

2-3

38
Q

what is normal INR?

A

0.9-1

39
Q

what is normal prothrombin time?

A

12-25 s

40
Q

what if a patient on anticoagulants has an INR above 6?

A

bedrest until corrected

41
Q

Aspirin is an _____ and a _____

A

anti-platelet, NSAID

42
Q

what is aspirin used for?

A

prevents aggregation of platelets, prevents stroke and MI

43
Q

side effects of anti-platelets?

A

peptic ulcers, gastritis, risk of internal bleeding

44
Q

what does cox2 do?

A

produces inflammation

45
Q

what in an example of a selective nsaid?

A

celebrex

46
Q

selective NSAIDs block

A

cox2 only

47
Q

non-selective nsaids block

A

both cox1 (healthy prostaglandins) and cox2

48
Q

name 3 types of non-selective NSAIDS

A

aspirin, ibuprofen, Naproxen

49
Q

side effects of selective NSAIDS

A

increased risk of MI and stroke

50
Q

side effects of non-selective NSAIDS

A

bleeding, gastic ulcers, nausea, vomiting

51
Q

acetaminophen is a…

A

pain reliever

also calle tylenol

52
Q

is acetaminophen antiinflammatory?

A

no…just antipyretic, analgesic, headache

53
Q

overuse of acetaminophen can cause….

A

liver damage

54
Q

what is the antidote for opioid overdose?

A

Naloxone

55
Q

how many minutes before therapy should I take opioids?

A

30 min

56
Q

what drugs end in -pam and -lams

A

Benzodiazepines

57
Q

what do benzodiazepines do?

A

causes GABA to secrete (inhibitory)

used to treat muscle spasms, anxiety, insomnia, alc withdrawal, acute epileptic attacks

58
Q

what is a big side effect of benzos? when is best time to take it?

A

falls risk

at night (dont drive after taking)

59
Q

Baclofen is a …

A

muscle relaxant

reduces muscle spasticity seen in spinal cord lesions (MS, SCI)

60
Q

side effects of Baclofen?

A

hypotonia, confusion, falls, drowsiness

61
Q

what is Botulinum Toxin used for?

A

muscle spasticity seen with CP

62
Q

what drugs end in -ol ? what are they used for?

A

bronchodilator drugs

used for asthma and COPD

63
Q

side effects of bronchodilators ?

A

tremors, palpitation, gI disturbance, dry mouth

64
Q

penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin, and gentamicin all treat

A

bacterial infections

65
Q

what is an adverse effect of gentamicin?

A

ototoxicity (BPPV)

66
Q

what is methotrexate used for?

A

RA

67
Q

what drug can treat peripheral neuropathy?

A

Lyrica/Gabapentin

68
Q

statins are used for

A

cholesterol

69
Q

side effect of statins?

A

rhabdomyolisis

70
Q

what is phenobartibal used for?

A

epileptic patients

71
Q

what can help with autoimmune conditions

A

corticosteroids

72
Q

taking cortiocosteroids long term can lead to

A

osteoporosis

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