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npte study decks > pulm exam > Flashcards

pulm exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing

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1
Q

what is inspiratory reserved volume?

A

additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after inspiration of a normal tidal volume

inspired over and above tidal volume

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2
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume

expired over tidal volume

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3
Q

what is residual volume?

A

volume of air that remains in lungs after expiratory reserve volume is exhaled

always present in lungs

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4
Q

what is total lung capacity?

A

maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs

TLC = VC + IRV + ERV + RV

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5
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

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6
Q

what is inspiratory capacity?

A

maximum amount of air that can be inspired

IC = TV + IRV

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7
Q

what is functional residual capacity?

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration

FRV = ERV + RV

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8
Q

in restrictive lung diseases, will the lung volumes be increased or decreased?

A

everything is decreased except FEV1 is normal

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9
Q

what are two examples of restrictive lung diseases?

A

pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis

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10
Q

in obstructive lung diseases, what lung volume values are increased?

A

tidal volume, FRC, RV, TLC

air is stuck in the lungs

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11
Q

is FEV1 increased or decreased in obstructive lung disease?

A

decreased

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12
Q

what is FEV1?

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

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13
Q

how can you help prevent airway collapse for ppl with COPD?

A

pursed lip breathing

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14
Q

dorsal kyphosis, A-P diameter increased, respiratory rate (RR) increases are signs of what?

A

COPD

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15
Q

according to COPD Gold classification, what stage is FEV1 > 80%, with or without chronic sx (cough, sputum production)?

A

Stage 1: Mild

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16
Q

according to COPD Gold classification, what stage is FEV1 50-80%, with or without sx?

A

Stage II: Moderate

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17
Q

according to COPD Gold classification, what stage is FEV1 30-50%, with or without sx?

A

Stage III: Severe

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18
Q

according to COPD Gold classification, what stage is FEV1 < 30 %, with chronic respiratory failure and severe dyspnea?

A

Stage IV: very severe

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19
Q

what percent is FEV1/FVC in each stage of COPD

A

< 70% in each stage

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20
Q

what breath sound would be a low pitch sound all over the thorax?

A

vesicular

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21
Q

what breath sound would be high pitched, loud, over the manubrium, with expiratory sounds longer than inspiratory sounds?

A

bronchial

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22
Q

what breath sound is very loud, high pitches, over the trachea, and has equal inspiratory and expiratory durations?

A

tracheal

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23
Q

what breath sound has intermediate pitch and intensity and is heard between 1st and 2nd interspace anteriorly and between the scapulae?

A

broncho-vesicular

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24
Q

if you hear an S3 heart sound, which high pitched abnormal breath sound is most likely associated with CHF?

A

crackles

there is congestion and fluid collection leading to crackles, will hear brief, discontinuous popping

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25
Q

what conditions is wheezing associated with?

A

COPD and asthma

it’s caused by airway obstruction

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26
Q

what abnormal respiratory sound is low pitched, rattling and resembles snoring?

A

Rhonchi

ronquidos is spanish for snoring

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27
Q

what abnormal respiratory sound would you expect to hear with COPD, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, or cystic fibrosis?

A

rhonchi

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28
Q

what abnormal respiratory sound would indicated pleural inflammation?

A

pleural rub

auscultated in lower lateral chest area

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29
Q

what voice sound is an increased resonance with greater clarity and loudness of spoken words? example “99”

A

bronchophony

clearer sounds are abnormal, indicated consolidation

30
Q

what voice sound happens when “E” sounds change to a long, nasal sounding “A”

A

Egophony

can be d/t lung consolidation/pneumonia

31
Q

what voice sound is an increased loudness of whispering? You would recognize whispered words 1,2,3

A

whispered pectoriloquy

32
Q

what is atelectasis?

A

lug collapse

33
Q

what is emphysema?

A

trapping of air

34
Q

what is pneumothorax?

A

compression of lungs d/t air build up, lungs can’t fully expand

35
Q

normal range for pH in arterial blood gas?

A

7.35-7.45

36
Q

normal range of PaCO2?

A

35-45 mmHg

acidic

37
Q

normal range of HCO3?

A

22-26

alkaline

38
Q

in acidic conditions, what are the arterial blood gas values?

A

pH <7.35
PaCO2 >45
HCO3 <22

39
Q

in alkaline conditions, what are the values of pH, PaCO2, and HCO3?

A

pH >7.45
PaCO2 <35
HCO3 >26

40
Q

ROME

A

Respiratory
Opposite
Metabolic
Equal

41
Q

if pH is normal, is it uncompensated or compensated?

A

compensated

42
Q

if PaCO2 is normal, is it metabolic or repiratory?

A

metabolic

43
Q

if HCO3 is normal, is it metabolic or respiratory?

A

respiratory

44
Q

if HCO3, PaCO2 and pH are all not normal, is it compensated, uncompensated, or partially compensated?

A

partially compensated

45
Q

in COPD, is CO2 increased or decreased?

A

increased bc it can’t get out

oxygen is low, and pH is low

46
Q

what is a later manifestation of cystic fibrosis?

A

anorexia

47
Q

meconium ileus and acute bronchitis are early manifestations of what?

A

cystic fibrosis

48
Q

during vigorous exercise, PO2 ________.

A

decreases acutely

49
Q

name the pulmonary condition: acute episodes of airways narrowing and swelling, and may produce extra mucus, triggering coughing and a wheezing sound when you breath out.

A

asthma

obstructive

50
Q

name the pulmonary condition: obstructive condition in which inflammation and irritation of the bronchial tubes occurs, causing mucus build up. commonly caused by smoking

A

chronic bronchitis

commonly caused by smoking

51
Q

name the pulmonary condition: infection of one or both the lungs, alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe

A

pneumonia

restrictive

52
Q

name the pulmonary condition: abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to reduced gas exchange and progressive air trapping

A

emphysema

53
Q

name the pulmonary condition: build up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs

A

pleural effusion

“water on the lungs”

music studio example (thick walls)

54
Q

name the pulmonary condition: collapsed lung where air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. there is still some air left in the lungs though

A

pneumothorax

55
Q

name the pulmonary condition: complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area of the lung, alveoli become deflated. commonly occurs after surgery.

A

atelectasis

no air left

56
Q

fremitus (vibration) will be louder when there is more or less air?

A

less

57
Q

in pleural effusion, fremitus will be ____ and percussion will be ____

A

low, dull

58
Q

percussion will be _______ when there is more air (big drum)

A

hyperresonant

59
Q

when a lot of fluid is present, percussion will be ____

A

dull

60
Q

when an adult (8+) collapses and there are two adults present, what should you do? what if you are alone?

A

one calls 911 and the other starts CPR

if you are alone call 911 first the start CPR

61
Q

order of actions for when an adult collapses?

A

check for responsiveness

Compression
Airway
Breathing

62
Q

if a child collapses and you are alone, what do you do?

A

start CPR, if no change after 2 min call 911

63
Q

order of actions for when a child collapses?

A

check for responsiveness

Airway
Breathing
Compression

64
Q

SOB (dyspnea) and shallow breathing (tachypnea) are hallmark signs of?

A

DVT/PE

65
Q

swelling of LE, anxiety, fever, excessive sweating, cough, and blood in the sputum are other signs of?

A

DVT/PE

66
Q

pulsating in the abdomen and abdominal bulge is a sign of?

A

AAA

67
Q

tenderness of McBurney’s point, pain in the RLQ, and mild fever are signs of?

A

appendicits

68
Q

left neck and jaw pain along with chest pain are signs of?

A

cardiac arrest

69
Q

6 P’s: pain, palpable tenderness, paresthesia, pallor, paresis, pulselessness are signs of

A

acute compartment syndrome

70
Q

saddle anesthesia, loss of bowel bladder function, urine retention, LE weakness are signs of?

A

cauda equina

71
Q

sudden hives, ithcing, SOB, rapid or weak pulse are signs of

A

anaphylaxis

72
Q

excessive thirst, confusion and difficulty concentrating and fruity odor in breath are signs of

A

DKA

73
Q

high body temp (over 104), AMS, hot, dry skin, tachycardia, headache, cold and clammy skin are signs of

A

heat stroke

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