Research 1 & 2 Flashcards
is an ‘author/date’ system, so your in-text
references for all formats (book, journal article,
web document) consists of the author(s) surname
and year of publication
APA 7th
include the following elements: Page
number, Paper title, Author, Author Affiliation,
Course, Instructor, and Due Date.
Title page
The APA Style rules direct authors to start page
numbering at “1” on the title page in the top right corner of the page, flush right.
Page number
usually consists of just a page number in the page’s top-right corner. For professional papers intended for publication, it also includes a running head.
A running head is simply the paper’s title in all
capital letters.
It is left-aligned and can be up to 50 characters
in length.
Longer titles are abbreviated.
Page header
is a 150-250 word summary of your
paper.
is placed on a separate page after
the title page. At the top of the page, write the
section label “______” (bold and centered).
The contents of the abstract appear directly
under the label. Unlike the regular paragraphs,
the first line is not indented.
- are usually written as a single paragraph without headings or blanks lines.
abstract
The basics of an ___________ in APA:
- Include author or authors and year of
publication.
- Use round brackets.
- Include the page or paragraph number of the
quote in your in-text reference.
In text referencing
Contain all the information that a reader of your work needs to follow-up on your sources.
The reference list
Summarizing the words or expressing the ideas
of the author(s) in your own words.
paraphrasing
DIRECT QUOTES
NARRATIVE QUOTE
PARENTHETICAL QUOTE
ELLIPSES AND QUOTE
- Where the authors are named in your sentence.
narrative quotes
Where the citation details are presented in
parentheses following the quote.
parenthetical quotes
Indicate where words have been omitted
from a sentence.
ellipses and quotes
include graphs, charts, maps, drawings
and photographs.
Citing figures
are numerical values or text displayed
in rows and columns.
Citing tables
APA discourages the use of this unless the original work is
unavailable.
Secondary sources
This chapter presents and discusses the
methodologies and processes that the
researchers used for the study. It includes the
following: research design, respondents of
the study, research instrument, data gathering
procedures, ethical considerations,
data processing, and statistical treatment.
Research method
Components of RESEARCH METHOD
- Research Design
- Respondents
- Research Instrument
- Data Gathering Procedure
- Ethical Considerations
- Data Processing and Statistical Treatment
According to Kerlinger : “___________ is
the plan, structure, and strategy of
investigation conceived so as to obtain
answers to research questions and to control variance”. According to Green and Tull : “A
_________ is the specification of
methods and procedures for acquiring the
information needed.
Research design
according to_____ research design is the plan, structure, and strategy of
investigation conceived so as to obtain
answers to research questions and to control variance”
Kerlinger
“A research design is the specification of
methods and procedures for acquiring the
information needed.”
Green and tull
Any individual that answers questions during
an interview or replies to a survey.
Respondents
As a general rule, the larger the sample, the
more reliable is the result of the study
(Zamboni, 2018). However, in determining
the sample size, there are factors that need to
be considered. These factors include study
design, method of sampling, and outcomes
measure—effect size, standard deviation,
study power, and significance level
(Chander, 2017).
RESPONDENTS: SAMPLE SIZE OR
NUMBER POPULATION/PARTICIPANTS
– compute the sample size
with a 5% margin error, 95% confidence
level, 354,666 population size, and 50%
response distribution.
Raosoft formula
RESPONDENTS: SAMPLING DESIGNS
(Simple) Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Multi-stage Sampling
All members of a population are given
an equal chance to be selected. Selection
is made either by drawing a lot or the use
of the table of random numbers.
(Simple) Random Sampling
- It is choosing the nth name in a
population as the sample. It entails using
a list of the population and deciding how
the nth name is chosen. - For example, the population of students
in one school is listed alphabetically and
numbered consecutively. From the list,
the sample to be taken is the name that
falls every nth in the list until the desired
number of samples is completed. So,
with a population of 500 and 250 as the
selected sample, the individual sample
may be the name that falls in every count
of two or all those that are in the odd
number or the even number.
Systematic Sampling
- It is dividing the population into strata
and drawing the sample at random from
each division. - For example, the population to be
sampled is the senior high school
students in one school. These are
stratified by their gender and
intelligence. Samples of an equal
number are drawn from each gender and
intelligence.
Stratified Sampling
- It is a design that uses a group as a
sample rather than an individual. - For example, the population may be the
parents in one school district. The
parents may be grouped by barangay
within the district or by those in the east,
west, north, and south of the
district. From these groupings, the
sample cluster is chosen randomly or
systematically. This differs from
stratified sampling that includes all the
strata in the sampling process.
Cluster sampling
Stages do it: two, three, four as the case
may be depending on the number of stages sampling is made. Here the
population is grouped by hierarchy from
which sampling is done in each stage.
- For example, the population to be
studied consists of the personnel in the
public elementary schools in the
country. So samples have to be taken
from the national, regional, provincial,
district, and school levels.
Multi-stage sampling
DATA COLLECTION METHOD
- Survey Research
- Experiment
- Official Statistics
- Content Analysis
This method involves questionnaires or
interviews to collect data about people and
their preferences, thoughts, behaviors,
opinions, and attitudes in s systematic
manner. It is usually used in social science
where issues in politics, religion, preferred
restaurants, etc. are tackled.
Survey research
It is the most rigorous research design. It has
three features, independent variables are
manipulated, subjects are randomly assigned
to different treatments or interventions, and
the treatments’ results on outcomes are
observed. It is usually done in natural science
where laboratories are set to conduct this data
collection.
Experiment
The use and analysis of this for
social research purposes is another
alternative to collecting quantitative data.
Data coming from the Philippine Statistics
Office or other statistical organizations are
also used in quantitative research.
Official Statistics
It is also another data collection method in
quantitative research. This approach analyzes
documents and texts that seek to quantify
content in terms of predetermined categories
and a systematic and replicable manner.
Content Analysis
4 TYPES OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
- Structured Interview
- Self-Completion Questionnaire
- Survey Questionnaires
- Test Papers
is also called a
standardized interview. The aim of this
interview is for all interviewees to be given
the same context of questioning. It means that
each respondent receives the same interview
stimulus as another to ensure that
interviewees’ replies. One of which is the
interview done by those from PSA during the
census.
A structured Interview
It is also known as the Self-Administered
Questionnaire (SAQ), which is pretty much
the same as the structured interview. The
difference is it is self-accomplished and has
no interviewer. Example of these includes
bio-data, enrollment forms, or registrations
forms.
Self Completion Questionnaire
This instrument is typically used during
survey research. Basically, they are also
classified as SAQ, but the content is more of
knowing someone’s opinion, attitude, or
perception. These include the Likert Types
Scales, Binary Scales, Semantic
Differential Scale, and Guttman Scale.
Survey Questionnaires
COMMON RESEARCH SCALE
a. Likert Types Scales
b. Binary Scales
c. The semantic differential scale
d. The Guttman scale
is a rating scale used
to measure opinions, attitudes, or behaviors.
It consists of a statement or a question,
followed by a series of five or seven answer
statements. Respondents choose the option
that best corresponds with how they feel
about the statement or question
Likert type Scale
are nominal scales consisting
of binary items that assume one of two
possible values, such as yes or no, true or
false, and so on.
Binary Scales
is used for
measuring the meaning of things and
concepts (Snider & Osgood, 1969).
Participants indicate where they feel a
product or experience lies on a 7-point scale
between polar adjectives (e.g., strong-weak,
good-bad).
Semantic Differential Scale
is also known as
cumulative scaling or scalogram analysis. It
is an ordinal scale with a number of
statements placed in a hierarchical order. The
order is arranged so that if a respondent
agrees with a statement, they will also agree
with all of the statements that fall below it in
extremity.
d. The Guttman scale
Typically used in Education, these
instruments are used to measured academic
performance or achievements in various
learning areas. These are generally used in
classrooms, but other standardized
instruments such as NAT and NCAE may
also fall under this category.
. Test Paper
Discuss the procedure how the research will
gather the data.
Data Gathering Procedure
5 components of research method
- Research Design
- Respondents
- Research Instrument
- Data Gathering Procedure
- Ethical Considerations
- Data Processing and Statistical Treatment
movie name and main characters
Pay it forward
Trevor, the kid
Adam, the other kid
Eugene, the teacher
Arlene, the mother
