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Reproductive System Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main Functions of the Gonads?

A

The production of gametes and reproductive hormones

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2
Q

What important Releasing Hormone does the Hypothalamus secrete in relation to Reproduction?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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3
Q

Where does Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) act?

A

The gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary

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4
Q

What are the Two Gonadotrophins that the Anterior Pituitary Gland Gonadotroph Cells make?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenising Hormone (LH)

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5
Q

Where do Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenising Hormone (LH) act?

A

On the gonads

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6
Q

When acted upon by FSH and LH, what do the Gonads produce?

A

Steroid reproductive hormones

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7
Q

What sort of Effect do the Steroid Reproductive Hormones produced by the Gonads have on the Anterior Pituitary and the Hypothalamus?

A

Negative feedback regulation

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8
Q

What are the main Male Steroid Hormones?

A

Testosterone and 5 α Dihydrotestosterone (5αDHT) which are Androgens

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9
Q

Do Males produce Androgens?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Do Females produce Androgens?

A

Yes (primarily testosterone to a lesser extent than males do)

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11
Q

What are the main Female Steroid Hormones?

A

Oestradiol, Oestrone and Oestriol (Oestrogens) and Progestagens

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12
Q

Do Females produce Oestrogens?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Do Males produce Oestrogens?

A

Yes (primarly oestrone to a lesser extent than females do)

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14
Q

Do Females produce Progestagens?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Do Males produce Progestagens?

A

No

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16
Q

What is Sex Determination?

A

The commitment of the bipotential gonad to a testis or an ovary

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17
Q

What is Sex Differentiation?

A

The phenotypic development of genital structures due to the action of hormones produced following gonadal development

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18
Q

In Mammals, how is Sex Determination usually Controlled?

A

Via the sex determining region on the Y chromosome (the SRY gene)

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19
Q

If the Y Chromosome and therefore the SRY Gene is Present, will the individual develop Testes (to become a Male) or Ovaries (to become a Female)?

A

Testes, eventually developing into a Male

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20
Q

If the Y Chromosome and therefore the SRY Gene is Absent, will the individual develop Testes (to become a Male) or Ovaries (to become a Female)?

A

Ovaries, eventually developing into a Female

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21
Q

The Two Duct Systems in the Undifferentiated Bipotential Gonad are called the ___ Duct and the ___ Duct

A

The Two Duct Systems in the Undifferentiated Bipotential Gonad are called the Mesonephric (Wolffian) Duct and the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) Duct​

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22
Q

What is the Male Duct in the Undifferentiated Bipotential Gonad?

A

The mesonephric (wolffian) duct

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23
Q

What is the Female Duct in the Undifferentiated Bipotential Gonad?

A

The paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct

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24
Q

What Two Cell Types in the Testes release Hormones that eventually give rise to the Male Reproductive System from the Bipotential Gland?

A

Sertoli cells and Leydig cells

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25
What **Hormone** do **Sertoli Cells** secrete during **Fetal Development**? What does this cause?
Anti-mullerian Hormone (AMH), causing mullerian duct regression
26
What **Hormone** do **Leydig Cells** secrete? What does this cause during **Fetal Development**?
Testosterone, causing wolffian duct development
27
What **Hormones** do the **Ovaries** secrete during **Fetal Development**?
Oestrogens and Progestagens
28
Are the **Oestrogens** and **Progestagens** directly acting upon the **Mullerian** and **Wolffian** ducts?
No, the Mullerian and Wolffian ducts develop and regress by themselves
29
In an **Individual** with **XY** **Chromosomes**, what would happen if their **Androgen Receptors** didn't **Function Correctly (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome)**?
The individual would have female genital ducts and/or external genitals, but would possess testes
30
An increase in ___ release in **Early Puberty** causes ___ secretion to increase
An increase in **GnRH** release in **Early Puberty** causes **FSH** and **LH** secretion to increase
31
During **Early Puberty** what **Time** during the **Day** are **Gonadotrphins** secreted?
At night
32
In **Late Puberty**, **Day Time** secretions of ___ also **Increase**
In **Late Puberty**, **Day Time** secretions of **LH** also **Increase**
33
\_\_\_ levels **Rise** in response to the increase in **Plasma LH**
**Sex Steroids** levels **Rise** in response to the increase in **Plasma LH**
34
In **Females**, what are the **Secondary Sexual Characteristics** that **Develop**/**Occur** during **Puberty**?
1. Breast Enlargement 2. Pubic Hair Development 3. Height Spurt 4. Menarche (Menstruation)
35
In both **Males** and **Females**, **Pubic Hair** occurs due to exposure of **Hair Follicles** to what?
Androgens
36
How much later does the **Height Spurt** in **Males** typically occur compared to the **Height Spurt** in **Females**?
Approximately 2 years
37
What is the **Average Age** of **Menarche** in **Females**?
12-13 years old
38
How long after **Menarche** does the **First Ovulation** in **Females** typically occur? Why is this?
6-9 Months, because the positive feedback mechanisms of oestrogen have not yet developed
39
Typically how long after **Menarche** is a regular **Ovulatory Cycle** established in **Females**?
1-2 years
40
In **Males**, what are the **Secondary** **Sexual** **Characteristics** that **Develop**/**Occur** during **Puberty**?
1. Growth of the Testes 2. Pubic hair growth 3. Growth of the Penis 4. Height Spurt
41
Approximately at what **Age** does **Spermatogenisis** begin in **Males**?
12-13 years old
42
What is **Precocious Puberty**? What is it typically dependent on?
The appearance of physical and hormonal signs before the age of: 7 in girls 9 in boys Typically dependant on GnRH, in extreme cases may be the result of a hypothalamic tumor
43
Is **Precocious Puberty** more common in **Females** or **Males**?
Females
44
What is **Delayed Puberty**? What causes it?
The late appearance of physical and hormonal signs, as late as: 13 years old for females 14 years old for males Occurs when gonadotrophin signals from the pituitary are insufficient to begin the secretion of steroid hormones
45
Is **Delayed Puberty** more common in **Females** or **Males**?
Males
46
Identify the **Mesonephros**
47
Identify the **Gonadal Ridges**
48
Identify the **Paramesonephric (Mullerian) Duct**
49
Identify the **M****esonephric (Wolffian) Duct**
50
Identify the **Urogential Sinus**
51
Identify the **Genital Tubercle**
52
Identify the **Urethral Folds**
53
Identify the **Urethral Groove**
54
Identify the **Labioscrotal Swelling**
55
Identify the **Urogenital Sinus**
56
Identify the **Anus**
57
Identify the **Glans Penis** on the **Male Genitalia**
58
Identify the **Clitoris** on the **Female Genitalia**
59
Identify the **Urethral Folds**
60
Identify the **Labioscrotal Swelling**
61
Identify the **Perineum**
62
Identify the **Anus**
63
Identify the **External Urethral Orifice** on the **Male Genitalia**
64
Identify the **Glans Penis** on the **Male Genitalia**
65
Identify the **Penis** on the **Male Genitalia**
66
Identify the **Clitoris** on the **Female Genitalia**
67
Identify the **Clitoris** on the **Female Genitalia**
68
Identify the **Labia Majora** on the **Female Genitalia**
69
Identify the **Labia Minora** on the **Female Genitalia**
70
Identify the **Vaginal Orifice** on the **Female Genitalia**
71
Identify the **External Urethral Orifice** on the **Female Genitalia**
72
Identify the **Vestibule** on the **Female Genitalia**
73
Identify the **Anus**

Medsci142 (11 decks)

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