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Medsci142 > Reproductive System Fundamentals > Flashcards

Reproductive System Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main Functions of the Gonads?

A

The production of gametes and reproductive hormones

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2
Q

What important Releasing Hormone does the Hypothalamus secrete in relation to Reproduction?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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3
Q

Where does Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) act?

A

The gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary

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4
Q

What are the Two Gonadotrophins that the Anterior Pituitary Gland Gonadotroph Cells make?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenising Hormone (LH)

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5
Q

Where do Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenising Hormone (LH) act?

A

On the gonads

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6
Q

When acted upon by FSH and LH, what do the Gonads produce?

A

Steroid reproductive hormones

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7
Q

What sort of Effect do the Steroid Reproductive Hormones produced by the Gonads have on the Anterior Pituitary and the Hypothalamus?

A

Negative feedback regulation

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8
Q

What are the main Male Steroid Hormones?

A

Testosterone and 5 α Dihydrotestosterone (5αDHT) which are Androgens

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9
Q

Do Males produce Androgens?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Do Females produce Androgens?

A

Yes (primarily testosterone to a lesser extent than males do)

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11
Q

What are the main Female Steroid Hormones?

A

Oestradiol, Oestrone and Oestriol (Oestrogens) and Progestagens

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12
Q

Do Females produce Oestrogens?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Do Males produce Oestrogens?

A

Yes (primarly oestrone to a lesser extent than females do)

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14
Q

Do Females produce Progestagens?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Do Males produce Progestagens?

A

No

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16
Q

What is Sex Determination?

A

The commitment of the bipotential gonad to a testis or an ovary

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17
Q

What is Sex Differentiation?

A

The phenotypic development of genital structures due to the action of hormones produced following gonadal development

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18
Q

In Mammals, how is Sex Determination usually Controlled?

A

Via the sex determining region on the Y chromosome (the SRY gene)

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19
Q

If the Y Chromosome and therefore the SRY Gene is Present, will the individual develop Testes (to become a Male) or Ovaries (to become a Female)?

A

Testes, eventually developing into a Male

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20
Q

If the Y Chromosome and therefore the SRY Gene is Absent, will the individual develop Testes (to become a Male) or Ovaries (to become a Female)?

A

Ovaries, eventually developing into a Female

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21
Q

The Two Duct Systems in the Undifferentiated Bipotential Gonad are called the ___ Duct and the ___ Duct

A

The Two Duct Systems in the Undifferentiated Bipotential Gonad are called the Mesonephric (Wolffian) Duct and the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) Duct​

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22
Q

What is the Male Duct in the Undifferentiated Bipotential Gonad?

A

The mesonephric (wolffian) duct

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23
Q

What is the Female Duct in the Undifferentiated Bipotential Gonad?

A

The paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct

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24
Q

What Two Cell Types in the Testes release Hormones that eventually give rise to the Male Reproductive System from the Bipotential Gland?

A

Sertoli cells and Leydig cells

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25
Q

What Hormone do Sertoli Cells secrete during Fetal Development? What does this cause?

A

Anti-mullerian Hormone (AMH), causing mullerian duct regression

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26
Q

What Hormone do Leydig Cells secrete? What does this cause during Fetal Development?

A

Testosterone, causing wolffian duct development

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27
Q

What Hormones do the Ovaries secrete during Fetal Development?

A

Oestrogens and Progestagens

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28
Q

Are the Oestrogens and Progestagens directly acting upon the Mullerian and Wolffian ducts?

A

No, the Mullerian and Wolffian ducts develop and regress by themselves

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29
Q

In an Individual with XY Chromosomes, what would happen if their Androgen Receptors didn’t Function Correctly (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome)?

A

The individual would have female genital ducts and/or external genitals, but would possess testes

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30
Q

An increase in ___ release in Early Puberty causes ___ secretion to increase

A

An increase in GnRH release in Early Puberty causes FSH and LH secretion to increase

31
Q

During Early Puberty what Time during the Day are Gonadotrphins secreted?

A

At night

32
Q

In Late Puberty, Day Time secretions of ___ also Increase

A

In Late Puberty, Day Time secretions of LH also Increase

33
Q

___ levels Rise in response to the increase in Plasma LH

A

Sex Steroids levels Rise in response to the increase in Plasma LH

34
Q

In Females, what are the Secondary Sexual Characteristics that Develop/Occur during Puberty?

A
  1. Breast Enlargement
  2. Pubic Hair Development
  3. Height Spurt
  4. Menarche (Menstruation)
35
Q

In both Males and Females, Pubic Hair occurs due to exposure of Hair Follicles to what?

A

Androgens

36
Q

How much later does the Height Spurt in Males typically occur compared to the Height Spurt in Females?

A

Approximately 2 years

37
Q

What is the Average Age of Menarche in Females?

A

12-13 years old

38
Q

How long after Menarche does the First Ovulation in Females typically occur? Why is this?

A

6-9 Months, because the positive feedback mechanisms of oestrogen have not yet developed

39
Q

Typically how long after Menarche is a regular Ovulatory Cycle established in Females?

A

1-2 years

40
Q

In Males, what are the Secondary Sexual Characteristics that Develop/Occur during Puberty?

A
  1. Growth of the Testes
  2. Pubic hair growth
  3. Growth of the Penis
  4. Height Spurt
41
Q

Approximately at what Age does Spermatogenisis begin in Males?

A

12-13 years old

42
Q

What is Precocious Puberty? What is it typically dependent on?

A

The appearance of physical and hormonal signs before the age of:
7 in girls
9 in boys
Typically dependant on GnRH, in extreme cases may be the result of a hypothalamic tumor

43
Q

Is Precocious Puberty more common in Females or Males?

A

Females

44
Q

What is Delayed Puberty? What causes it?

A

The late appearance of physical and hormonal signs, as late as:
13 years old for females
14 years old for males
Occurs when gonadotrophin signals from the pituitary are insufficient to begin the secretion of steroid hormones

45
Q

Is Delayed Puberty more common in Females or Males?

A

Males

46
Q

Identify the Mesonephros

A
47
Q

Identify the Gonadal Ridges

A
48
Q

Identify the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) Duct

A
49
Q

Identify the Mesonephric (Wolffian) Duct

A
50
Q

Identify the Urogential Sinus

A
51
Q

Identify the Genital Tubercle

A
52
Q

Identify the Urethral Folds

A
53
Q

Identify the Urethral Groove

A
54
Q

Identify the Labioscrotal Swelling

A
55
Q

Identify the Urogenital Sinus

A
56
Q

Identify the Anus

A
57
Q

Identify the Glans Penis on the Male Genitalia

A
58
Q

Identify the Clitoris on the Female Genitalia

A
59
Q

Identify the Urethral Folds

A
60
Q

Identify the Labioscrotal Swelling

A
61
Q

Identify the Perineum

A
62
Q

Identify the Anus

A
63
Q

Identify the External Urethral Orifice on the Male Genitalia

A
64
Q

Identify the Glans Penis on the Male Genitalia

A
65
Q

Identify the Penis on the Male Genitalia

A
66
Q

Identify the Clitoris on the Female Genitalia

A
67
Q

Identify the Clitoris on the Female Genitalia

A
68
Q

Identify the Labia Majora on the Female Genitalia

A
69
Q

Identify the Labia Minora on the Female Genitalia

A
70
Q

Identify the Vaginal Orifice on the Female Genitalia

A
71
Q

Identify the External Urethral Orifice on the Female Genitalia

A
72
Q

Identify the Vestibule on the Female Genitalia

A
73
Q

Identify the Anus

A

Medsci142 (11 decks)

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