Brain Functions

Question 1

What is the Purpose of the Supramarginal Gyrus?

Answer 1

Allows understanding of reading

Question 2

What is the Purpose of the Angular Gyrus?

Answer 2

Sending instructions to exner’s area for writing

Question 3

What is the Purpose of the Primary Auditory Cortex?

Answer 3

To recieve pitch and timing input from ears tonotopically

Question 4

What is the Purpose of the Wernicke’s Area?

Answer 4

Interperets speech patterns from the primary auditory cortex and to suppress noise that is irrelevant to speech

Question 5

If a Lesion occurs in the Wernicke’s area, what type of Aphasia occurs?

Answer 5

Fluent/Sensory Aphasia

Question 6

If a Lesion occurs in the Arcuate Fasiculus, what type of Aphasia occurs?

Answer 6

Connectional Aphasia, in which speech and comprehension are not linked

Question 7

What is the Purpose of the Broca’s Area?

Answer 7

To instruct speech muscles

Question 8

If a Lesion occurs in the Broca’s Area, what kind of Aphasia occurs?

Answer 8

Non-fluent/Motor aphasia

Question 9

What is the Purpose of Exner’s Area?

Answer 9

To Instruct the hand muscles in actions such as writing and in repetitive actions

Question 10

What is the Purpose of the Pre-Central Gyrus/Primary Motor Cortex?

Answer 10

To activate muscles throughout the body

Question 11

What is the Purpose of the Post-Central Gyrus/Primary Somatosensory Cortex?

Answer 11

To recieve touch, pressure, pain and temperature sensory input from the body

Question 12

What is the Purpose of the Primary Visual Cortex?

Answer 12

To take input in from the eyes

Question 13

What is the Purpose of the Secondary Visual Cortex?

Answer 13

To process visual input from the Primary Visual Cortex

Question 14

How are the Motor/Sensory Neurons in the Pre-Central and Post-Central Gyri Arranged?

Answer 14

In a humonculus

Question 15

What is the Purpose of the Cingulate Gyrus?

Answer 15

To blend fight and flight response with logical reasoning and to regulate emotions

Question 16

What Additional System is the Cingulate Gyrus a part of?

Answer 16

The Limbic System

Question 17

What is the Purpose of the Corpus Collosum?

Answer 17

To coordinate the left and right hemispheres of the brain

Question 18

What is the Purpose of the Hypothalamus?

Answer 18

Regulation of Homeostatsis, Secretion of Hormones, Emotions and monitoring Osmolarity and Temperature in the Autonomic System

Question 19

What Personal Qualities are associated with the Frontal Association Cortex?

Answer 19

Intelligence, Personality, Behaviour, Mood and Cognitive function

Question 20

What Personal Qualities are associated with the Parietal Association Cortex?

Answer 20

Spatial skills and 3D recognition of shapes, faces, concepts and abstract perception

Question 21

What Personal Qualities are associated with the Temporal Association Cortex?

Answer 21

Memory, Mood, Aggression and Intelligence

Question 22

What Hemisphere of the brain is Typically Non-Dominant?

Answer 22

The right hemisphere

Question 23

What Personal Qualities is the Non-dominant Hemisphere of the brain associated with?

Answer 23

Non-verbal language, Emotional expression, Spatial Skills, Conceptual understanding, Artistic/Musical skills and comprehension of metaphor/linguistic nuance

Question 24

What could Injury to the Non-Dominant Hemisphere result in?

Answer 24

Loss of non-verbal language, emotion in speech, spatial disorientation, inability to recognise familiar objects and loss of musical appreciation

Question 25

What is the **Purpose** of the **Basal Ganglia**?

Answer 25

Helps in initiating muscle movement, Muscle memory and practiced movements, Fine movement control of muscles and mood expression through muscles

Question 26

What is the **Purpose** of the **Cerebellum****?**

Answer 26

To stop movements and manage balance and posture

Question 27

Do the sides of the **Cerebellum** manage **Movement** on the **Same Side** or **Opposite Sides** of the body?

Answer 27

Same side (Ipscilateral movement coordination)

Question 28

Is the **Cerebellum** affected by **Alcohol**?

Answer 28

Yes, which is why it is harder for those under the influence to balance, maintain posture and terminate movements

Question 29

What **Neurotransmitter** is used in neurons between **Secondary (association) areas** (e.g. Broca's Area, Exner's Area) and the **Striatum?**

Answer 29

Glutamate (excitatory)

Question 30

Where do **Neurons** from the **Striatum** output?

Answer 30

The Globus Pallidus (Internus and Externus) and the Substantia Nigra

Question 31

What **Neurotransmitter** is used in **Neurons** originating from the **Striatum**?

Answer 31

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (Inhibitory)

Question 32

Where do **Neurons** originating from the **Substantia Nigra** output?

Answer 32

The Striatum

Question 33

What **Neurotransmitter** is used in **Neurons** originating from the **Substantia Nigra**?

Answer 33

Dopamine

Question 34

Where do the **Neurons** originating in the **Globus Pallidus (Internus)** output?

Answer 34

The Thalamus

Question 35

What **Neurotransmitter** is used in **Neurons** originating from the **Globus Pallidus (Internus)**?

Answer 35

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (Inhibitory)

Question 36

Where do **Neurons** originating in the **Thalamus** output to in the **Motor System**?

Answer 36

The Primary Motor Cortex

Question 37

What **Neurotransmitter** is used in **Neurons** originating from the **Thalamus** in the **Motor System**?

Answer 37

Glutamate (Excitatory)

Question 38

What is the **Purpose** of the **Substantia** **Nigra**?

Answer 38

To produce 95% of the body's dopamine

Question 39

What is the **Purpose** of the **Dopamine** being supplied to the **Striatum** by the **Substantia Nigra**?

Answer 39

To keep the neurons in the striatum primed and ready to fire when they recieve Glutamate

Question 40

What happens if there is **Not Enough Dopamine** being supplied to the **Striatum** by the **Substantia Nigra**?

Answer 40

It will require more glutamate to be supplied to the Striatum to initiate movement

Question 41

The **Lack of Dopamine** which results in a **Higher Amount of Glutamate** required to initiate movement has **What effect on the Cortex and Periphery respectively?**

Answer 41

Hypoexcitivity in the Cortex and Hypoactivity in the Periphery (Muscles)

Question 42

In the **Primary Visual Cortex**, what **Areas of Sight** are the **Anterior** and **Posterior** regions responsible for?

Answer 42

Anterior is responsible for peripheral vision, Posterior is responsible for central vision

Question 43

What is **Housed** in the **Medulla?**

Answer 43

Cranial Nerve Nuclei and the Cardiovascular and Respiratory control centres

Question 44

What is **Housed** in the **Pons**?

Answer 44

Cranial Nerve Nuclei

Question 45

What is the **Purpose** of the **Choroid Plexus?**

Answer 45

To produce Cerebrospinal Fluid

Question 46

What is the **Purpose** of **Cerebrospinal Fluid?**

Answer 46

To protect the brain from damage and to supply nutrients and remove waste to and from the brain

Question 47

What is the **Purpose** of the **Thalamus**?

Answer 47

It acts as a relay station for Motor/Sensory information

Question 48

What do the **Cerebral Peduncles** contain?

Answer 48

The Corticospinal and Corticopontine fibres

Question 49

Which **Sense** are **Mammilary Bodies** responsible for providing a **Reflex** for?

Answer 49

Smell

Question 50

Which **Sense** is the **Superior Colliculi** responsible for providing a **Reflex** for?

Answer 50

Sight

Question 51

Which **Sense** is the **Inferior Colliculi** responsible for providing a **Reflex** for?

Answer 51

Hearing

Question 52

In terms of **Frequency Processing** in the **Primary Auditory Cortex,** is the cortex **Arranged Tonotopically** to process **Lower Frequencies** more **Laterally** or **Medially in the cortex?**

Answer 52

Higher frequencies (20,000 Hz) are processed more medially in the cortex, while lower frequencies (20 Hz) are processed more laterally in the cortex

Question 53

In terms of **Frequency Processing** in the **Primary Auditory Cortex,** is the cortex **Arranged Tonotopically** to process **Higher Frequencies** more **Laterally** or **Medially in the cortex?**

Answer 53

Higher frequencies (20,000 Hz) are processed more medially in the cortex, while lower frequencies (20 Hz) are processed more laterally in the cortex