Autonomic and Endocrine Systems

Question 1

What are the Two Classifications of Motor(Efferent) Neurons?

Answer 1

Somatic and Autonomic Motor Neurons

Question 2

Are Somatic Motor Neruons under Voluntary or Involuntary Control?

Answer 2

Voluntary

Question 3

What do Somatic Motor Neurons Innervate?

Answer 3

Skeletal Muscles under cerebrocortical control

Question 4

What are the Two Classifications of Autonomic Motor Neurons?

Answer 4

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 5

Are Autonomic Motor Neurons under Voluntary or Involuntary control?

Answer 5

Involuntary

Question 6

Where does the Autonomic System recieve its Sensory Input from?

Answer 6

Mainly Interoceptors (Internal sensing)

Question 7

The Autonomic System is Controlled by what?

Answer 7

Limbic system, hypothalamus, brainstem and spinal cord

Question 8

How many Neurons are part of an Autonomic Pathway from the Spinal Cord?

Answer 8

Two

Question 9

In the Autonomic System, are Pre-Ganglionic Nerves Myelinated?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

In the Autonomic System, are Post-Ganglionic Nerves Myelinated?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

What do Autonomic Motor Neurons Innervate?

Answer 11

Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle and Glands

Question 12

When an Action Potential reaches an Axon Terminal of a Neuron, what happens?

Answer 12

Voltage gated Ca²⁺ channels open, causing an influx of Ca²⁺ ions into the axon terminal

Question 13

What does an Influx of Ca²⁺ Ions cause in the Pre-Synaptic Neuron?

Answer 13

Vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

Question 14

What do the Neurotransmitters released from the Pre-Synaptic Neuron bind to?

Answer 14

Ligand gated Na⁺ channels in the post-synaptic neuron

Question 15

What does the Binding of Neurotransmitters onto Ligand Gated Na⁺ Channels in the Post-Synaptic Neuron cause?

Answer 15

An influx of Na⁺ into the post-synaptic neuron, causing the depolarisation of the cell membrane and the creation of an action potential in the post-synaptic neuron

Question 16

What is another name for the Alarm Response?

Answer 16

The “Fight or Flight” response

Question 17

What happens to our Cardiovascular System during the Alarm Response?

Answer 17

Heart rate, heart contraction force and blood pressure increase
Blood vessels (especially in skin) constrict
Blood sugar level also increases

Question 18

What happens to our Eyes during the Alarm Response?

Answer 18

Pupils dilate

Question 19

What happens within our Digestive system during the Alarm Response?

Answer 19

Salivation and other digestive activities decrease to conserve energy

Question 20

What happens within our Lungs during the Alarm Response?

Answer 20

Bronchi dilate to increase capacity for oxygen gas exchange

Question 21

What happens to the Skin during the Alarm Response?

Answer 21

Arrector pili muscles contract and sweat secretion increases from sweat glands

Question 22

What happens to our Cardiovascular System during the Relaxation Response?

Answer 22

Heart rate and force of heart contraction decrease
Peripheral blood vessels dilate

Question 23

What happens to our Eyes during the Relaxation Response?

Answer 23

Pupils contract

Question 24

What happens within our Digestive System during the Relaxation Response?

Answer 24

Salivation and other digestive activities increase

Question 25

What happens within our **Lungs** during the **Relaxation Response**?

Answer 25

Constriction of Bronchi

Question 26

**Responses** associated with **Exercise, Emotion** and **Excitement** are under the ___ **Division**

Answer 26

**Responses** associated with **Exercise, Emotion** and **Excitement** are under the **Sympathetic** **Division**

Question 27

**Responses** associated with **Repletion, Rest** and **Relaxation** are under the ___ **Division**

Answer 27

**Responses** associated with **Repletion, Rest** and **Relaxation** are under the **Parasympathetic** **Division**

Question 28

What **Neurotransmitter** do both **Sympathetic** and **Parasympathetic** **Pre-Ganglionic Neurons** use?

Answer 28

Acetylcholine

Question 29

What **Neurotransmitter** do **Most** **Sympathetic Post-Ganglionic Neurons** use?

Answer 29

Norepinephrine

Question 30

What **Neurotransmitter** do **Sympathetic** **Post-Ganglionic Neurons** innervating **Sweat Glands** use?

Answer 30

Acetylcholine

Question 31

What **Neurotransmitter** do **Parasympathetic** **Post-Ganglionic Neurons** use?

Answer 31

Acetylcholine

Question 32

Is the **Sympathetic** system always active?

Answer 32

Yes, just turned up and down when needed

Question 33

What is **Raynaud Disease**?

Answer 33

The sympathetic system's inability to deactivate quickly after being stimulated by cold temperatures, resulting in chronic vasoconstriction, causing fingers and toes to become ischemic (lack of blood) and turn white

Question 34

What does the **Hypothalamus** control?

Answer 34

Internal organs via autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland Behavioural patterns, circadian rhythms and sleep/wake cycles Body temperature Eating and drinking behaviour

Question 35

What are the **Main Organs** in the **Endocrine System**?

Answer 35

The hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal glands

Question 36

**Endocrine Hormone** **Target Cells** are typically **Near** or **Far** from the **Endocrine Cell?**

Answer 36

Far, endocrine hormones need to use bloodstream to reach target cells

Question 37

**Paracrine Hormone Target Cells** are typically **Near** or **Far** from the **Paracrine Cell**?

Answer 37

Near, don't typically need to use the bloodstream for hormone to reach target cell

Question 38

What cells do **Autocrine Hormones** affect?

Answer 38

They affect the cell that secreted them

Question 39

**Hormones** can either be **\_\_\_ Soluble** or ___ **Soluble**

Answer 39

**Hormones** can either be **Lipid-Soluble** or **Water**-**Soluble**

Question 40

What do **Lipid-Soluble Hormones** require to pass through the **Blood Stream**?

Answer 40

Transport proteins

Question 41

Can **Lipid-Soluble Hormones** diffuse directly through the **Plasma Membrane**?

Answer 41

Yes

Question 42

Where do **Lipid-Soluble Hormones** typically **Act**?

Answer 42

In the nuclei of target cells, altering gene expression and therefore cell activity

Question 43

Can **Water-Soluble** hormones diffuse through the **Plasma Membrane**?

Answer 43

No

Question 44

After a **Water-Soluble Hormone** binds to a **Receptor** on the surface of a cell, what type of protein is activated?

Answer 44

G-protein

Question 45

What does an **Activated G-Protein** activate?

Answer 45

Adenyl Cyclase

Question 46

What does **Activated Adenyl Cyclase** do?

Answer 46

Converts ATP to cAMP, a second messenger

Question 47

What does **cAMP** do?

Answer 47

Activates protein kinases, which can then phosphorylate other enzymes, causing reactions which induce physiological responses

Question 48

**cAMP** is **Deactivated** by what?

Answer 48

Phosphodiesterase

Question 49

How many different **Hormones** does the **Hypothalamus** secrete to control the **Pituitary**?

Answer 49

Nine

Question 50

How many different **Hormones** does the **Pituitary** secrete to control **Endocrine Organs**?

Answer 50

Seven

Question 51

What connects the **Pituitary** to the **Hypothalamus**?

Answer 51

Infundibulum

Question 52

Which **Blood Vessels** connect the **Hypothalamus** and the **Anterior Pituitary**?

Answer 52

The Hypophyseal Portal Veins

Question 53

What do the **Hypothalamus** and **Pituitary Gland** jointly **Regulate**?

Answer 53

Growth, Metabolism, Development and Homeostasis

Question 54

In the **Adrenal Medulla**, **Sympathetic** **Pre-Ganglionic Neurons** innervate \_\_\_. These cells secrete ___ and ___ into the bloodstream

Answer 54

In the **Adrenal Medulla**, **Sympathetic** **Pre-Ganglionic Neurons** innervate **Modified Post-Ganglionic Neurons** (with no axons). These cells secrete **Epinephrine** and **Norepinephrine** into the bloodstream

Question 55

What do **Epinephrine** and **Norepinephrine** do to the **Alarm Response**?

Answer 55

Maintain and enhance the alarm response

Question 56

What **Hormones** are produced in the **Adrenal Cortex**?

Answer 56

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. Aldosterone) and Glucocorticoids (e.g. Cortisol)

Question 57

What causes **Mineralocorticoid** **Secretion** from the **Adrenal Cortex**?

Answer 57

Increased K⁺ and angiotensin II in the blood

Question 58

What causes **Glucocorticoid Secretion** from the **Adrenal Cortex**?

Answer 58

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) release from the pituitary gland, Stimulated by Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the Hypothalamus

Question 59

What do **Mineralocorticoids** do?

Answer 59

Increase blood Na⁺ and water levels and decrease blood K⁺ levels, increasing blood volume and pressure

Question 60

What do **Glucocorticoids** do?

Answer 60

Initiate a resistance reaction to stress, dampen inflammation and depress immune responses

Question 61

In relation to **Proteins** (especially in muscle fibres), what does **Cortisol** do?

Answer 61

Induce the breakdown of proteins into amino acids for release into the bloodstream to aid tissue repair, new protein synthesis and ATP production

Question 62

In relation to the **Liver**, what does **Cortisol** do?

Answer 62

Promotes Gluconeogenesis, raising glucose levels for ATP production

Question 63

In terms of **Adipose Tissue**, what does **Cortisol** do?

Answer 63

Promotes triglyceride breakdown and fatty acids to be released into the blood to aid in tissue repair

Question 64

In terms of **Blood Vessels**, what does **Cortisol** do?

Answer 64

Increases sensitivity of blood vessels to vasoconstriction hormones, increasing blood pressure

Question 65

In terms of **Inflammation**, what does **Cortisol** do?

Answer 65

Limits inflammation to limit tissue damage done by white blood cells, which does also slow tissue repair and wound healing

Question 66

In terms of the **Immune System**, what does **Cortisol** do?

Answer 66

It supresses some immune responses

Question 67

In response to **High Blood Cortisol Levels** after the **Removal Of The Stressor**, the **Pituitary Gland** and **Hypothalamus** do what?

Answer 67

The pituitary gland stops secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the hypothalamus stops secreting corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 68

The **Two Components** of the **Stress Response** are...

Answer 68

1. The Alarm Response (Immediate Sympathetic Nerve Activity and release of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine from the Adrenal Medulla) 2. The Resistance Reaction (Slower and longer lasting hormone driven activity in the Adrenal Cortex, releasing Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids)