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Medsci142 > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does Spermatogenesis occur?

A

In the seminiferous tubules within the testes

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2
Q

What is the typical Rate of Sperm Cell Production?

A

300-600 Sperm Cells per Gram of Testis Tissue per Second

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3
Q

What are the 3 Phases of Spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Mitotic Division
  2. Meiotic Division
  3. Cytodifferentiation
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4
Q

What Germ Cells to do with Spermatogenesis are activated at the start of Puberty in Males?

A

Spermatogonial Stem Cells

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5
Q

When the Spermatogonial Stem Cells are activated, what type of Cell Division do they undego? What is the result of this Cell Division?

A

Mitotic Cell Division, to create one undifferentiated Spermatogonial Stem Cell and one Spermatogonium which will eventually end up as sperm cells

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6
Q

How many Chromosomes do Spermatogonium have?

A

46

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7
Q

Where do the Mitotic Divisions of Spermatogonial Stem Cells occur?

A

In the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

Where do Spermatogonium move after arising from Spermatogonial Stem Cells? What do they move between?

A

They move into the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules, moving between adjacent sertoli cells

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9
Q

Once Spermatogonia move into the Adluminal Compartment of the Seminiferous Tubule, what are they called?

A

Primary Spermatocytes

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10
Q

How many Chromosomes do Primary Spermatocytes have?

A

46

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11
Q

Primary Spermatocytes divide into ___ Spermatocytes and have ___ Chromosomes

A

Primary Spermatocytes divide into Secondary Spermatocytes and have 23 Chromosomes​

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12
Q

Secondary Spermatocytes undergo ___, giving rise to 4 daughter cells called ___, having ___ Chromosomes each

A

Secondary Spermatocytes undergo Meiosis II, giving rise to 4 daughter cells called Spermatids, having 23 Chromosomes each

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13
Q

What is another name for Cytodifferentiation?

A

Spermiogenesis

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14
Q

What Shape are Spermatids?

A

Round

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15
Q

What occurs in the process of Cytodifferentiation/Spermiogenesis?

A

The transformation and shape changing of round spermatids into spermatozoa (sperm)

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16
Q

What is the Primary Function of a Sperm Cell?

A

To swim through the female reproductive tract to deliver genetic information to the Oocyte

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17
Q

What are the 3 Parts of a sperm cell?

A

The head, midpiece and tail

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18
Q

What is in the Mid Piece of a Sperm Cell? Why?

A

Mitochondria to power the tail for swimming

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19
Q

What does the Head of a Sperm Cell contain?

A

DNA

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20
Q

What is the Head of the Sperm Cell covered with?

A

The Acrosome

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21
Q

What is inside the Acrosome?

A

Enzymes which are required for egg penetration

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22
Q

What happens to the Excess Cytoplasm in a Spermatid during Cytodifferentiation/Spermiogenesis?

A

It is “shed” into a structure called the residual body that is later phagocytosed by sertoli cells after the sperm leaves

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23
Q

In Males, where does Luteinising Hormone (LH) act?

A

On the interstitial Leydig cells

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24
Q

Upon being acted upon by Luteinising Hormone (LH), what Hormone do Leydig Cells produce?

A

Testosterone

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25
Q

In Males, where does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) act?

A

Sertoli cells inside the seminiferous tubules

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26
Q

Upon being acted upon by Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) what do Sertoli Cells Produce?

A

Androgen Binding Protein and Inhibin

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27
Q

What does Androgen Binding Protein do?

A

It binds to testosterone and allows it to be transported around the body through the bloodstream or to trap testosterone within the seminiferous tubules to help support sperm production

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28
Q

What happens to Sperm Production in the absence of Testosterone?

A

Spermatogonia will not be able to undergo the last phase of Cytodifferentiation/Spermiogenesis to produce spermatozoa

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29
Q

As Testosterone levels increase, what happens to Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinising Hormone (LH) production?

A

They decrease as they recieve the negative feedback

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30
Q

What does Inhibin do?

A

Provide negative feedback to Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) production

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31
Q

What is a typical Sperm Count?

A

Around 20 million sperm/ml of ejaculate

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32
Q

What is Oligospermia?

A

A sperm count lower than 20 million sperm/ml of ejaculate

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33
Q

What is Azoospermia?

A

When there is no sperm in ejaculate

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34
Q

What does it mean if Sperm Cells are Immotile?

A

They can’t swim

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35
Q

What is a Treatment for Oligospermia?

A

IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation), when approximately 50,000 sperm are placed in droplets with an Oocyte

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36
Q

What is a treatment for Azoospermia and Immotile Sperm?

A

ICSI (IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection), in which a sperm is injected directly into an Oocyte. The sperm can be collected directly from a biopsy of the testes

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37
Q

Identify the Spermatogonium

A
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38
Q

Identify Primary Spermatocytes

A
39
Q

Identify Secondary Spermatocytes

A
40
Q

Identify the Spermatids

A
41
Q

Identify the Sperm Cells

A
42
Q

Identify the Sertoli Cells

A
43
Q

Identify the Leydig Cells

A
44
Q

Identify the Mid Piece and Mitochondria

A
45
Q

Identify the Nucleus

A
46
Q

Identify the Acrosome

A
47
Q

What is Cryptorchidism?

A

When the testes don’t descend into the scrotum before birth

48
Q

Are Cryptorchid individuals Fertile?

A

No

49
Q

How many Seminiferous Tubules are in each Testis?

A

Approximately 80 in each testis

50
Q

From the Seminiferous Tubules, what is the next area Sperm Cells move into?

A

The Rete Testis

51
Q

From the Rete Testis, where do Sperm Cells move to?

A

The Epididymis

52
Q

How long do Sperm Cells spend in the Epididymis?

A

Around 10-14 days

53
Q

From the Epididymis, where do Sperm Cells move to?

A

The vas deferens

54
Q

What happens to Sperm Cells in the Epididymis?

A

They acquire the ability to swim and fertilize

55
Q

What does the Epididymis do to the liquid around the Sperm Cells?

A

Reabsorbs it to concentrate the sperm

56
Q

How long can Sperm stay in the Vas Deferens?

A

Several months

57
Q

How long is the Vas Deferens?

A

Approximately 45cm long

58
Q

Where does the Vas Deferens lead to from the Epididymis?

A

The ejaculatory duct

59
Q

Where do the Seminal Vesicles empty into?

A

The ejaculatory duct

60
Q

Where does the Ejaculatory Duct join the Urethra?

A

At the prostate

61
Q

What does the Ampulla of the Vas Deferens allow for?

A

It allows for a greater capacity for sperm storage

62
Q

What are the Characteristics of the Seminal Vesicle Secretions?

A
  1. Mucoid (sticky)
  2. Alkaline
  3. Contains Fructose
  4. Contains Prostaglandins
  5. Contains Clotting Proteins
63
Q

What is the Purpose of the Fructose in the Seminal Gland Secretion?

A

To provide energy to the sperm as it swims through the female reproductive tract

64
Q

What is one of the Hypothetical Purposes of the Prostaglandins in the Seminal Gland Secretion?

A

To cause contractions within the female reproductive tract to assist the movement of sperm towards the fallopian tubes

65
Q

What is the Purpose of the Clotting Proteins in the Seminal Vesicle secretion?

A

To create a plug that stops sperm from leaving the female reproductive system

66
Q

Is the Seminal Vesicle secretion ejected into the Ejaculatory Duct before or after Sperm Cells?

A

After, as it washes the sperm down the ejaculatory duct

67
Q

What Shape is the Prostate Gland?

A

A donut shape the size of a golf ball

68
Q

Is Prostatic Fluid secreted behind or ahead of Sperm Cells during Ejaculation?

A

Ahead

69
Q

Does the Urethra pass under, over or through the Prostate Gland?

A

Through

70
Q

What are the Characteristics of the Prostatic Fluid?

A
  1. It is slightly acidic (pH 6.5)
  2. Contains citrate
  3. It is milky in colour
  4. Contains phosphate and calcium
  5. Contains Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and other enzymes
71
Q

What is the Purpose of the Citrate in the Prostatic Fluid?

A

To provide materials for ATP production in the Sperm Cells

72
Q

Why is Prostatic Fluid a milky colour?

A

Because it contains phosphate and calcium

73
Q

What is the Purpose of the Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA) and other enzymes in the Prostatic Fluid?

A

To break down the coagulum formed by the seminal vesicle secretion after 10-15 minutes

74
Q

When the Prostatic Fluid and Seminal Vesicle Secretion interact, the different pH levels do what?

A

Neutralise each other

75
Q

What is the Composition of Semen?

A
  1. Sperm (10%)
  2. Seminal Vesicle Fluid (60%)
  3. Prostatic Fluid (30%)
  4. Other Secretions (Small Amounts)
76
Q

What is the pH of Semen?

A

Approximately 7.5

77
Q

Why is the pH of Semen 7.5?

A

To provide a survivable environment for sperm cells, as if they were directly exposed to the vaginal environment (pH approx 4.5) they would quickly die

78
Q

What is the average Ejaculatory Volume?

A

2-5ml

79
Q

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A

Excessive growth of the prostate

80
Q

What is a Common Symptom of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A

Difficulty voiding the bladder

81
Q

What can Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia cause?

A

Weakening of the bladder and urinary tract and kidney infections

82
Q

What is the Incidence of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia across different age groups?

A

<40: Rare
50-59: 17%
60-69: 27%
70-79: 35%
>85: 90%

83
Q

What are some Treatments for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Specific 5 α-reductase inhibitors
84
Q

What do 5 α-Reductase Inhibitors do?

A

Stop the prostate enlarging or shrink it

85
Q

What are 2 Different 5 α-Reductase Inhibitors? What are their Half Lives?

A

Finasteride: 5-7 hours
Duasteride: 5 Weeks

86
Q

How do 5 α-Reductase Inhibitors work?

A

They prevent 5 α-Reductase from converting Testosterone into the twice as potent 5 α Dihydrotestosterone. The prostate grows at a slower/lesser rate when acted on by Testosterone than 5 α Dihydrotestosterone

87
Q

Prostate Cancer can typically be Detected through elevated levels of what in the bloodstream?

A

Prostate Specific Antigen

88
Q

What are the 3 Main Structures present in the Penis?

A
  1. Corpora Cavernosa (x2)
  2. Corpus Spongiosum
  3. Penile Urethra
89
Q

Sexual Stimulation in a Male results in the release of what?

A

Nitric oxide and prostaglandin E1

90
Q

What do Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandin E1 cause?

A

The relaxation of smooth muscle in the Corpora Cavernosa, resulting in blood filling the Corpora Cavernosa (up to 8x more than usual)

91
Q

What is the function of the Corpus Spongiosum?

A

To prevent the obstruction of the urethra during an erection

92
Q

For the Smooth Muscles in the Corpora Cavernosa to relax, and to thus achieve an erection, ___ is needed. ___ breaks this down

A

For the Smooth Muscles in the Corpora Cavernosa ​to relax, Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) is needed. Phosphodiesterase breaks this down

93
Q

How does Viagra work?

A

It inhibits phosphodiesterase, increasing cGMP levels and allowing for smooth muscle relaxation within the corpora cavernosa and thus allowing for an erection to occur

Medsci142 (11 decks)

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