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Medsci142 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Menopause?

A

When the ovaries in a female run out of follicles, typically measured by the last menstrual bleed

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2
Q

When does Menopause typically occur in Females?

A

50-52 years old

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3
Q

What happens to the Total Number Of Follicles that a Female has After Birth?

A

It gradually decreases until around the 40s, when it decreases faster until there are no more

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4
Q

Typically at what age do Regular Menstrual Cycles typically cease, being replaced by Irregular Menstrual Cycles?

A

Around the mid 40s

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5
Q

What is the Phase before Irregular Menstrual Cycles called?

A

Pre-menopause

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6
Q

What is the Phase between the beginning of Irregular Menstrual Cycles and the Last Menstruation (Menopause)?

A

The menopausal transition

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7
Q

What is the Phase after Menopause called?

A

Post-menopause

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8
Q

Typically how long after Menopause will the follicles within the Ovaries continue to produce Hormones?

A

1-2 years

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9
Q

What is the Phase after the Ovaries stop producing Hormones called?

A

Ovarian senescence

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10
Q

What is the Phase between the beginning of Irregular Menstrual Cycles and when the Ovaries stop producing Hormones called?

A

Peri-menopause

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11
Q

During which Phase do Perimenopausal Symptoms typically occur?

A

Peri-menopause

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12
Q

The main Oestrogen hormone Post-Menopause is what? Where is it produced?

A

Oestrone, produced in the stromal cells of adipose tissues

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13
Q

Vasomotor Perimenopausal Symptoms affect what? What are some examples?

A

Blood Vessels
Hot Flushes and Night Sweats

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14
Q

What is an example of a Genitourinary Perimenopausal Symptom?

A

Vaginal Dryness

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15
Q

What is an example of a Bone Metabolism Perimenopausal Symptom?

A

Osteoporosis

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16
Q

What are some Behavioural/Psychological changes that may occur during Menopause?

A

Depression, Tension, Anxiety, Mental Confusion and Loss of Libido

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17
Q

Severely debilitating Menopausal Symptoms can be Prevented or Arrested with what?

A

Menopausal hormone (oestrogen replacement) therapy

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18
Q

What is the Downside of Menopausal Hormone Therapy?

A

It slightly increases the risk of breast and endometrial cancers

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19
Q

Approximately how many Oocytes are released over the lifetime of a Female?

A

Around 400

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20
Q

How often is a Mature Oocyte released?

A

Approximately every 28 days

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21
Q

What are the Four Main Female Reproductive Organs?

A
  1. The Vagina
  2. The Uterus
  3. The Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
  4. The Ovaries
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22
Q

Identify the Uterine/Fallopian Tube

A
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23
Q

Identify the Ovary

A
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24
Q

Identify the Uterus

A
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25
Q

Identify the Cervix

A
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26
Q

Identify the Vagina

A
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27
Q

Is the Uterus typically Anteflexed (front folding) or Retroflexed (back folding)?

A

Anteflexed (front folding)

28
Q

What may occur with a Retroflexed uterus? When is this rectified?

A

May result in pain during menstruation or intercourse, usually rectified during pregnancy

29
Q

How long is the Vagina? What are its Functions?

A

About 7.5-9cm long

To serve as a passage way for menstrual fluid
To recieve the penis and hold spermatozoa before they pass into the uterus
It is the lower part of the birth canal when delivering a fetus

30
Q

Identify the Fundus of the Uterus

A
31
Q

Identify the Body of the Uterus

A
32
Q

Identify the Cervix

A
33
Q

For the majority of the Menstrual Cycle, what is inside the Cervix? What is it’s Purpose?

A

A mucus plug to prevent the entry of sperm, bacteria or viruses into the reproductive tract

34
Q

Just before Ovulation, what happens to the Mucus Plug in the Cervix?

A

It softens to allow the passage of sperm

35
Q

What are the Functions of the Uterus?

A

To act as a pathway for sperm transport
To provide mechanical protection, nutritional support and waste removal for a developing embryo and fetus
To eject the fetus through muscular contractions in the myometrium at birth

36
Q

What part of the Uterine/Fallopian Tube does Fertilisation typically occur in?

A

The ampulla

37
Q

What are the Finger-Like Projections at the end of the Uterine/Fallopian Tube called?

A

Fimbriae

38
Q

What covers the Surfaces of the Fimbriae? What do they do?

A

Cilia covering the surface of the fimbriae beat and sweep the Oocyte into the uterine/fallopian tube

39
Q

What is an Ectopic Pregnancy? What are some possible Risk Factors of this?

A

When the embryo implants anywhere except the endometrium of the uterus

Smoking, Advanced maternal age and Prior tube damage may increase the risk of an Ectopic Pregnancy occuring

40
Q

What are the 3 Parts of an Ovary?

A

Ovarian Cortex
Ovarian Medulla
Inner Hilum/Hilus

41
Q

What is found within the Ovarian Cortex?

A

The ovarian follicles

42
Q

What is found within the Ovarian Medulla?

A

The ovarian stroma and steroid producing cells

43
Q

What is found in the Inner Hilum/Hilus of the Ovary?

A

Nerves and blood vessels entering the ovary

44
Q

How many Primordial Follicles reside in the Ovary at birth?

A

7-8 million

45
Q

What does a Follicle consist of?

A

An oocyte surrounded by follicular/granulosa cells

46
Q

A Primordial Follicle grows into what?

A

A primary follicle/pre-antral follicle

47
Q

What do some Follicles do in response to FSH?

A

Some get larger by producing many layers of additional granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte

48
Q

A Primary/Pre-Antral Follicle grows into what?

A

A Secondary/Antral Follicle

49
Q

What fills the Antrum in the Secondary/Antral Follicle?

A

Viscous Follicular Fluid

50
Q

What are the Layers of cells around the Oocyte?

A

The Zona Pellucida
The Corona Radiata
The Cumulus Oophorus
The Theca

51
Q

The Theca in the Secondary/Antral Follicle develops into the Glandular and Vascular ___ and the Fibrous ___

A

The Theca in the Secondary/Antral Follicle develops into the Glandular and Vascular Theca Interna and the Fibrous ​Theca Externa

52
Q

The Secondary/Antral Follicle produces what? What does this Trigger?

A

It produces Oestradiol (Oestrogen), triggering the Proliferative phase of the uterine/menstrual cycle

53
Q

The Secondary/Antral Follicle grows into a what?

A

A mature/pre-ovulatory/graffian follicle

54
Q

Inside a Mature/Graffian/Pre-Ovulatory Follicle, what happens to the Oocyte?

A

It becomes suspended in fluid

55
Q

What is Ovulation?

A

The release of an oocyte from the ovaries

56
Q

After Ovulation, the Mature/Graffian/Pre-Ovulatory Follicle breaks down into what?

A

The Corpus Luteum

57
Q

If Fertilisation does not happen, the Corpus Luteum breaks down into what? Where does this then get reabsorbed into?

A

The Corpus Albicans, which gets reabsorbed into the stromal tissue in the ovarian medulla over weeks to months.

58
Q

If Fertilisation occurs, does the Corpus Luteum break down into the Corpus Albicans?

A

No

59
Q

What Hormone produced by a Fertilised Oocyte prevents the Corpus Luteum from breaking down?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG), produced 8 days after fertilisation (detected in pregnancy tests)

60
Q

What does the Corpus Luteum produce if it does not break down into the Corpus Albicans? What does this cause?

A

It produces Progesterone (a Progestagen), triggering the secretory phase in the uterine/menstrual cycle

61
Q

What are the 2 Phases of the Ovarian Cycle? How long are they?

A

The follicular phase (from day 1 to ovulation) and the luteal phase (from ovulation to menstruation)

62
Q

What are the 3 Phases in the Uterine/Menstrual Cycle?

A

Menstruation, Proliferative and Secretory

63
Q

As Progesterone and Oestrodiol levels fall during the Menstruation Phase of the Uterine/Menstrual Cycle, what Gonadotrophin Level begins to rise?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) levels begin to rise

64
Q

The rising level of Follicle Stimulating Hormone after the Menstrual Phase of the Uterine/Menstrual Cycle triggers what?

A

Primordial follicles to begin developing into Primary follicles and further

65
Q

As a Secondary/Antral Follicle begins to develop and produce Oestradiol, what happens to FSH Production?

A

It experiences negative feedback which begins to decrease FSH levels

66
Q

The Negative Feedback of Oestradiol on Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) production suddenly turns into Positive Feedback for ___, called the ___, inducing ___

A

The Negative Feedback of Oestradiol on Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) production suddenly turns into Positive Feedback for Luteinising Hormone (LH), called the LH Surge, inducing Ovulation

67
Q

After Ovulation, the Corpus Luteum begins to produce ___, inhibiting the release of ___ and therefore ___ and ___

A

After Ovulation, the Corpus Luteum begins to produce Progesterone, inhibiting the release of Gonadotroph Releasing Hormone (GnRH) and therefore Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinising Hormone (LH)

Medsci142 (11 decks)

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