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Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Menopause?

A

When the ovaries in a female run out of follicles, typically measured by the last menstrual bleed

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2
Q

When does Menopause typically occur in Females?

A

50-52 years old

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3
Q

What happens to the Total Number Of Follicles that a Female has After Birth?

A

It gradually decreases until around the 40s, when it decreases faster until there are no more

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4
Q

Typically at what age do Regular Menstrual Cycles typically cease, being replaced by Irregular Menstrual Cycles?

A

Around the mid 40s

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5
Q

What is the Phase before Irregular Menstrual Cycles called?

A

Pre-menopause

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6
Q

What is the Phase between the beginning of Irregular Menstrual Cycles and the Last Menstruation (Menopause)?

A

The menopausal transition

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7
Q

What is the Phase after Menopause called?

A

Post-menopause

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8
Q

Typically how long after Menopause will the follicles within the Ovaries continue to produce Hormones?

A

1-2 years

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9
Q

What is the Phase after the Ovaries stop producing Hormones called?

A

Ovarian senescence

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10
Q

What is the Phase between the beginning of Irregular Menstrual Cycles and when the Ovaries stop producing Hormones called?

A

Peri-menopause

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11
Q

During which Phase do Perimenopausal Symptoms typically occur?

A

Peri-menopause

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12
Q

The main Oestrogen hormone Post-Menopause is what? Where is it produced?

A

Oestrone, produced in the stromal cells of adipose tissues

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13
Q

Vasomotor Perimenopausal Symptoms affect what? What are some examples?

A

Blood Vessels
Hot Flushes and Night Sweats

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14
Q

What is an example of a Genitourinary Perimenopausal Symptom?

A

Vaginal Dryness

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15
Q

What is an example of a Bone Metabolism Perimenopausal Symptom?

A

Osteoporosis

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16
Q

What are some Behavioural/Psychological changes that may occur during Menopause?

A

Depression, Tension, Anxiety, Mental Confusion and Loss of Libido

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17
Q

Severely debilitating Menopausal Symptoms can be Prevented or Arrested with what?

A

Menopausal hormone (oestrogen replacement) therapy

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18
Q

What is the Downside of Menopausal Hormone Therapy?

A

It slightly increases the risk of breast and endometrial cancers

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19
Q

Approximately how many Oocytes are released over the lifetime of a Female?

A

Around 400

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20
Q

How often is a Mature Oocyte released?

A

Approximately every 28 days

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21
Q

What are the Four Main Female Reproductive Organs?

A
  1. The Vagina
  2. The Uterus
  3. The Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
  4. The Ovaries
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22
Q

Identify the Uterine/Fallopian Tube

A
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23
Q

Identify the Ovary

A
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24
Q

Identify the Uterus

A
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25
Identify the **Cervix**
26
Identify the **Vagina**
27
Is the **Uterus** typically **Anteflexed** (front folding) or **Retroflexed** (back folding)?
Anteflexed (front folding)
28
What may occur with a **Retroflexed** uterus? When is this rectified?
May result in pain during menstruation or intercourse, usually rectified during pregnancy
29
How long is the **Vagina**? What are its **Functions**?
About 7.5-9cm long To serve as a passage way for menstrual fluid To recieve the penis and hold spermatozoa before they pass into the uterus It is the lower part of the birth canal when delivering a fetus
30
Identify the **Fundus** of the **Uterus**
31
Identify the **Body** of the **Uterus**
32
Identify the **Cervix**
33
For the majority of the **Menstrual Cycle**, what is inside the **Cervix**? What is it's **Purpose**?
A mucus plug to prevent the entry of sperm, bacteria or viruses into the reproductive tract
34
Just before **Ovulation**, what happens to the **Mucus Plug** in the **Cervix**?
It softens to allow the passage of sperm
35
What are the **Functions** of the **Uterus**?
To act as a pathway for sperm transport To provide mechanical protection, nutritional support and waste removal for a developing embryo and fetus To eject the fetus through muscular contractions in the myometrium at birth
36
What part of the **Uterine**/**Fallopian Tube** does **Fertilisation** typically occur in?
The ampulla
37
What are the **Finger-Like Projections** at the end of the **Uterine**/**Fallopian Tube** called?
Fimbriae
38
What covers the **Surfaces** of the **Fimbriae**? What do they do?
Cilia covering the surface of the fimbriae beat and sweep the Oocyte into the uterine/fallopian tube
39
What is an **Ectopic Pregnancy**? What are some possible **Risk Factors** of this?
When the embryo implants anywhere except the endometrium of the uterus Smoking, Advanced maternal age and Prior tube damage may increase the risk of an Ectopic Pregnancy occuring
40
What are the **3 Parts** of an **Ovary**?
Ovarian Cortex Ovarian Medulla Inner Hilum/Hilus
41
What is found within the **Ovarian Cortex**?
The ovarian follicles
42
What is found within the **Ovarian Medulla**?
The ovarian stroma and steroid producing cells
43
What is found in the **Inner Hilum**/**Hilus** of the **Ovary**?
Nerves and blood vessels entering the ovary
44
How many **Primordial Follicles** reside in the **Ovary** at birth?
7-8 million
45
What does a **Follicle** consist of?
An oocyte surrounded by follicular/granulosa cells
46
A **Primordial Follicle** grows into what?
A primary follicle/pre-antral follicle
47
What do some **Follicles** do in response to **FSH**?
Some get larger by producing many layers of additional granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte
48
A **Primary/Pre-Antral Follicle** grows into what?
A Secondary/Antral Follicle
49
What fills the **Antrum** in the **Secondary**/**Antral** **Follicle**?
Viscous Follicular Fluid
50
What are the **Layers** of cells around the **Oocyte**?
The Zona Pellucida The Corona Radiata The Cumulus Oophorus The Theca
51
The **Theca** in the **Secondary/Antral Follicle** develops into the **Glandular** and **Vascular** ___ and the **Fibrous** \_\_\_
The **Theca** in the **Secondary/Antral Follicle** develops into the **Glandular** and **Vascular** **Theca Interna** and the **Fibrous** ​**Theca Externa**
52
The **Secondary**/**Antral** **Follicle** produces what? What does this **Trigger**?
It produces Oestradiol (Oestrogen), triggering the Proliferative phase of the uterine/menstrual cycle
53
The **Secondary**/**Antral Follicle** grows into a what?
A mature/pre-ovulatory/graffian follicle
54
Inside a **Mature/Graffian/Pre-Ovulatory Follicle**, what happens to the **Oocyte**?
It becomes suspended in fluid
55
What is **Ovulation**?
The release of an oocyte from the ovaries
56
After **Ovulation**, the **Mature/Graffian/Pre-Ovulatory Follicle** breaks down into what?
The Corpus Luteum
57
If **Fertilisation** does not happen, the **Corpus Luteum** breaks down into what? Where does this then get reabsorbed into?
The Corpus Albicans, which gets reabsorbed into the stromal tissue in the ovarian medulla over weeks to months.
58
If **Fertilisation** occurs, does the **Corpus Luteum** break down into the **Corpus Albicans**?
No
59
What **Hormone** produced by a **Fertilised Oocyte** prevents the **Corpus Luteum** from breaking down?
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG), produced 8 days after fertilisation (detected in pregnancy tests)
60
What does the **Corpus Luteum** produce if it does not break down into the **Corpus Albicans**? What does this cause?
It produces Progesterone (a Progestagen), triggering the secretory phase in the uterine/menstrual cycle
61
What are the **2 Phases** of the **Ovarian Cycle**? How long are they?
The follicular phase (from day 1 to ovulation) and the luteal phase (from ovulation to menstruation)
62
What are the **3 Phases** in the **Uterine**/**Menstrual Cycle**?
Menstruation, Proliferative and Secretory
63
As **Progesterone** and **Oestrodiol** levels fall during the **Menstruation** **Phase** of the **Uterine/Menstrual Cycle**, what **Gonadotrophin Level** begins to rise?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) levels begin to rise
64
The rising level of **Follicle Stimulating Hormone** after the **Menstrual Phase** of the **Uterine/Menstrual Cycle** triggers what?
Primordial follicles to begin developing into Primary follicles and further
65
As a **Secondary/Antral Follicle** begins to develop and produce **Oestradiol**, what happens to **FSH** **Production**?
It experiences negative feedback which begins to decrease FSH levels
66
The **Negative Feedback** of **Oestradiol** on **Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)** production suddenly turns into **Positive Feedback** for \_\_\_, called the \_\_\_, inducing \_\_\_
The **Negative Feedback** of **Oestradiol** on **Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)** production suddenly turns into **Positive Feedback** for **Luteinising Hormone (LH)**, called the **LH Surge**, inducing **Ovulation**
67
After **Ovulation**, the **Corpus Luteum** begins to produce \_\_\_, inhibiting the release of ___ and therefore ___ and \_\_\_
After **Ovulation**, the **Corpus Luteum** begins to produce **Progesterone**, inhibiting the release of **Gonadotroph Releasing Hormone (GnRH)** and therefore **Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)** and **Luteinising Hormone (LH)**

Medsci142 (11 decks)

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