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Reproductive System Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Where is seminal fluid made

A

Bulbourethral gland

Seminal vesicles/gland

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2
Q

What is in the seminal fluid

A 
Fructose
Citric acid
Bicarbonate 
Fibrinogen 
Fibrinolytic enzymes
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3
Q

What does the bicarbonate do in the seminal fluid

A

Neutralises acidic environment in the vagina

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4
Q

What does the fibrinogen and fibrinolytic enzymes in the seminal fluid do

A

Break doesn’t the barriers on the way to the egg

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5
Q

Penis muscles

A

2 x corpora cavernous

1x corpora spongiosum

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6
Q

What are errections due to

A

Erection is due to parasympathetic stimuli .parasympathetic system causes arteries to relax which puts pressure on venous drainage

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7
Q

What is ejaculation due to

A

Sympathetic stimuli

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8
Q

What are the layers of the testes( outside inwards)

A

Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
Tunica vasculosa

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9
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

Endometrium myomentum and perimetrium

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10
Q

Look at female reproductive tract diagram

A

Look at female reproductive tract diagram

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11
Q

Look at male reproductive tract diagram

A

Look at male reproductive tract diagram

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12
Q

Look up male reproductive tract diagram

A

Look at mail reproductive tract diagram

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13
Q

Sperm production in men

A

Gametogenesis begins of puberty
Spermatoginia undergo differentiation and self renewal
The pool is available for subsequent spermatogenic throughout life so they have continuous fertility
Produce approximately 1500 sperm/s

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14
Q

Egg cell production in women

A

Lots of logo is before birth - 6 mill/ovary
Rapid drop
By puberty very few remain as some primordial follicles degenerate ( atresia)

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15
Q

What do the Sertoli cells do

A

They produce the hormones required for sperm production

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16
Q

Reproductive hormones in males

A

Androgens : Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androsterone

Inhibin and activin - activate FSH

Oestrogens

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17
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Within the seminiferous tubules

They support developing germ cells
Hormone synthesis - inhibin and activin ( positive and negative effects on FSH)
Anti mullerian hormone ( to do with the Fallopian tube)

Androgen binding protein - gets the testosterone to the right place

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18
Q

What receptors do the Sertoli cells respond to

A

FSH

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19
Q

What do Leydig cells do

A

They are between seminiferous tubules
Pale cytoplasm as they are rich in cholesterol

Function ;
Hormone synthesis - androgens
On LH stimulation they secrete the androgens ;
- testosterone ( Oestrogens)
Androsterone
Dehydropieandrosterone ( DHEA) - they can be aromatised to Oestrogens

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20
Q

What receptors do leydig cells have

A

LH

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21
Q

When do babies start producing oocyte s

A

In 2nd trimester of pregnancy , all oogonia in fetus develop into 1 st oocyte s ( forming primordial follicles )

Then the 2nd oocyte s are produced during sperm fusion

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22
Q

Difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A

Oogenesis produces more polar bodies

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23
Q

What does the follicle degenerate into ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Corpus leuteum

24
Q

What are the female reproductive hormones

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A

Oestrogens ( oestradiol, Oestrogens, oestriol)

Progestogens ( progesterone)
Androgens ( testosterone, androstenedione, DHRA but not the DHEAs made in the adrenals)
Relaxin
Inhibin

25
Two types of cells in the ovary
Theca cells and granulosa cells
26
Theca cells location
Associated with the outer part of the ovarian follicles
27
Theca cells function
Support folliculogenesis - structural and nutritional support of growing follicle Hormone synthesis LH stimulates synthesis of androgens Overactivity due to PCOS can cause high androgen levels
28
Where are granulosa cells located
Associated with the inner part of the ovarian follicles
29
Function of the granulosa cells
Hormone synthesis FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to Oestrogens by aromatase Secrete inhibin and activin - have effects on FSH After ovulation - turn into granulosa luteein cells ( found in the corpus luteumO that produce - progesterone - relaxin ( helps endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens pelvic ligaments/ cervix )
30
Gonadal sex steroid hormones
Oestradiol | Testosterone
31
Which hormones have a pulsating release
GnRH and LH and FSH
32
Which hormones have a diurnal release
Testosterone and Oestrogen
33
Prolactin and kisspeptin
Prolactin binds to prolactin receptors on kisspeptin neurones in the hypothalamus This inhibits kisspeptin release Decreases in downstream GnRH , LH , FSH , T , Oest Oligomycin ( >35d menses) or amenorrhea ( 3-6m no menses) / low libido / infertility / osteoporosis
34
Look at menstrual cycle diagram
Look at menstrual cycle diagram
35
Does the body temp increase after ovulation
Day after ovulation , the body temperature increases by at least 0.5 degrees due to progesterone
36
Oestrogen is made from testosterone by which enzyme
Aromatase
37
Which hormone induced the tubular fluid reabsorption resulting in concentration
Oestrogen
38
Which hormone causes nutrients ( fructose) and glycoprotein secretion into epididymis fluid
Androgens
39
What is in semen
Spermatozoa Seminal fluid Leukocytes ( potentially viruses like hep B , HIV ) Very few spermatozoa actually reach ovum
40
Capacitation of sperm
Achieve fertilising capability in the female reproductive tract 1) lose protein coat 2) change surface membrane characteristics 3) develop whiplash movements of tail
41
What influences the capacitation of the sperm
Takes place in the ionic and proteolytic environment of the Fallopian tube Oestrogen and calcium dependent
42
Acrosome reaction
Sperm binds to ZP3 ( sperm receptor ) Calcium influx into speed ( stimulated by progesterone ) Release Of hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes ( from the acrosome ) Spermatozoon penetrated the zona pellucida
43
Fertilisation
Triggers cortical reaction Cortical granules release molecules which degrade zona pellucida ( eg. ZP3 and ZP2) Therefore this prevents further sperm from bings as it has no receptors Haploid - diploid
44
Development of the conceptus
The zygote can continue to divide as it moves down the Fallopian tube to the uterus ( takes 3-4 days) Receives nutrients from uterine secretions This free living phase can last for 9-10 days
45
Phases of implantation
Attaché,net phase ( outer trophoblast cells contact uterine surface epithelium) Then Decidualisation phase ( changes in underlying uterine stromatolites tissue - within a few hours ) Requires progesterone domination in the presence of oestrogen
46
Chemical Factors involved in the implantation phase
LIF and IL11
47
Leukaemia inhibitory factor
From endometrial cells stimulates adhesion of blastocyst to endometrial cells
48
Interleukin 11
Also from endometrial cells is released into uterine fluid and may be involved in attaché,net
49
What is decidualisation
Endometrial changes due to progesterone - glandular epithelial secretion - glycogen accumulation in stromatolites cell cytoplasm - growth of capillaries - increased vascular permeability
50
Which molecule is used as the marker for pregnancy
HCG as it can be only made by the placenta and so is only present when someone is pregnant
51
Progesterone and oestrogen production during pregnancy
First 40 days; produced in corpus luteum ( in maternal ovary) Stimulated by HCG ( produced by trophoblast) which act on LH receptors Essential for developing fetoplacental unit Inhibits maternal LH and FSH ( -ve feedback) so no more energy released/ periods occurring during pregnancy From day 40, Placenta starts to take over
52
What hormones increase during pregnancy
``` ACTH Adrenal steroid Prolactin IGF1 Iodothyronones PTH related peptides ```
53
Decrease in maternal hormones during pregnancy
Gonadotrophins Pituitary GH TSH
54
What does oxytocin do in the control of parturition
Stimulates uterine contraction Cervical dilation Milk ejection
55
Hyperprolactonaemia
Have milk coming out of breasts due to too much milk synthesis so leaks out- galactorrhea.

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