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B > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is seminal fluid made

A

Bulbourethral gland

Seminal vesicles/gland

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2
Q

What is in the seminal fluid

A 
Fructose
Citric acid
Bicarbonate 
Fibrinogen 
Fibrinolytic enzymes
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3
Q

What does the bicarbonate do in the seminal fluid

A

Neutralises acidic environment in the vagina

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4
Q

What does the fibrinogen and fibrinolytic enzymes in the seminal fluid do

A

Break doesn’t the barriers on the way to the egg

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5
Q

Penis muscles

A

2 x corpora cavernous

1x corpora spongiosum

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6
Q

What are errections due to

A

Erection is due to parasympathetic stimuli .parasympathetic system causes arteries to relax which puts pressure on venous drainage

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7
Q

What is ejaculation due to

A

Sympathetic stimuli

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8
Q

What are the layers of the testes( outside inwards)

A

Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
Tunica vasculosa

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9
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

Endometrium myomentum and perimetrium

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10
Q

Look at female reproductive tract diagram

A

Look at female reproductive tract diagram

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11
Q

Look at male reproductive tract diagram

A

Look at male reproductive tract diagram

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12
Q

Look up male reproductive tract diagram

A

Look at mail reproductive tract diagram

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13
Q

Sperm production in men

A

Gametogenesis begins of puberty
Spermatoginia undergo differentiation and self renewal
The pool is available for subsequent spermatogenic throughout life so they have continuous fertility
Produce approximately 1500 sperm/s

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14
Q

Egg cell production in women

A

Lots of logo is before birth - 6 mill/ovary
Rapid drop
By puberty very few remain as some primordial follicles degenerate ( atresia)

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15
Q

What do the Sertoli cells do

A

They produce the hormones required for sperm production

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16
Q

Reproductive hormones in males

A

Androgens : Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androsterone

Inhibin and activin - activate FSH

Oestrogens

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17
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Within the seminiferous tubules

They support developing germ cells
Hormone synthesis - inhibin and activin ( positive and negative effects on FSH)
Anti mullerian hormone ( to do with the Fallopian tube)

Androgen binding protein - gets the testosterone to the right place

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18
Q

What receptors do the Sertoli cells respond to

A

FSH

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19
Q

What do Leydig cells do

A

They are between seminiferous tubules
Pale cytoplasm as they are rich in cholesterol

Function ;
Hormone synthesis - androgens
On LH stimulation they secrete the androgens ;
- testosterone ( Oestrogens)
Androsterone
Dehydropieandrosterone ( DHEA) - they can be aromatised to Oestrogens

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20
Q

What receptors do leydig cells have

A

LH

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21
Q

When do babies start producing oocyte s

A

In 2nd trimester of pregnancy , all oogonia in fetus develop into 1 st oocyte s ( forming primordial follicles )

Then the 2nd oocyte s are produced during sperm fusion

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22
Q

Difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A

Oogenesis produces more polar bodies

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23
Q

What does the follicle degenerate into ?

A

Corpus leuteum

24
Q

What are the female reproductive hormones

A

Oestrogens ( oestradiol, Oestrogens, oestriol)

Progestogens ( progesterone)
Androgens ( testosterone, androstenedione, DHRA but not the DHEAs made in the adrenals)
Relaxin
Inhibin

25
Q

Two types of cells in the ovary

A

Theca cells and granulosa cells

26
Q

Theca cells location

A

Associated with the outer part of the ovarian follicles

27
Q

Theca cells function

A

Support folliculogenesis
- structural and nutritional support of growing follicle
Hormone synthesis
LH stimulates synthesis of androgens
Overactivity due to PCOS can cause high androgen levels

28
Q

Where are granulosa cells located

A

Associated with the inner part of the ovarian follicles

29
Q

Function of the granulosa cells

A

Hormone synthesis
FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to Oestrogens by aromatase
Secrete inhibin and activin - have effects on FSH

After ovulation - turn into granulosa luteein cells ( found in the corpus luteumO that produce

  • progesterone
  • relaxin ( helps endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens pelvic ligaments/ cervix )
30
Q

Gonadal sex steroid hormones

A

Oestradiol

Testosterone

31
Q

Which hormones have a pulsating release

A

GnRH and LH and FSH

32
Q

Which hormones have a diurnal release

A

Testosterone and Oestrogen

33
Q

Prolactin and kisspeptin

A

Prolactin binds to prolactin receptors on kisspeptin neurones in the hypothalamus

This inhibits kisspeptin release

Decreases in downstream GnRH , LH , FSH , T , Oest

Oligomycin ( >35d menses) or amenorrhea ( 3-6m no menses) / low libido / infertility / osteoporosis

34
Q

Look at menstrual cycle diagram

A

Look at menstrual cycle diagram

35
Q

Does the body temp increase after ovulation

A

Day after ovulation , the body temperature increases by at least 0.5 degrees due to progesterone

36
Q

Oestrogen is made from testosterone by which enzyme

A

Aromatase

37
Q

Which hormone induced the tubular fluid reabsorption resulting in concentration

A

Oestrogen

38
Q

Which hormone causes nutrients ( fructose) and glycoprotein secretion into epididymis fluid

A

Androgens

39
Q

What is in semen

A

Spermatozoa
Seminal fluid
Leukocytes ( potentially viruses like hep B , HIV )

Very few spermatozoa actually reach ovum

40
Q

Capacitation of sperm

A

Achieve fertilising capability in the female reproductive tract

1) lose protein coat
2) change surface membrane characteristics
3) develop whiplash movements of tail

41
Q

What influences the capacitation of the sperm

A

Takes place in the ionic and proteolytic environment of the Fallopian tube
Oestrogen and calcium dependent

42
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

Sperm binds to ZP3 ( sperm receptor )
Calcium influx into speed ( stimulated by progesterone )
Release Of hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes ( from the acrosome )

Spermatozoon penetrated the zona pellucida

43
Q

Fertilisation

A

Triggers cortical reaction
Cortical granules release molecules which degrade zona pellucida ( eg. ZP3 and ZP2)
Therefore this prevents further sperm from bings as it has no receptors

Haploid - diploid

44
Q

Development of the conceptus

A

The zygote can continue to divide as it moves down the Fallopian tube to the uterus ( takes 3-4 days)

Receives nutrients from uterine secretions
This free living phase can last for 9-10 days

45
Q

Phases of implantation

A

Attaché,net phase ( outer trophoblast cells contact uterine surface epithelium)

Then

Decidualisation phase ( changes in underlying uterine stromatolites tissue - within a few hours )

Requires progesterone domination in the presence of oestrogen

46
Q

Chemical Factors involved in the implantation phase

A

LIF and IL11

47
Q

Leukaemia inhibitory factor

A

From endometrial cells stimulates adhesion of blastocyst to endometrial cells

48
Q

Interleukin 11

A

Also from endometrial cells is released into uterine fluid and may be involved in attaché,net

49
Q

What is decidualisation

A

Endometrial changes due to progesterone

  • glandular epithelial secretion
  • glycogen accumulation in stromatolites cell cytoplasm
  • growth of capillaries
  • increased vascular permeability
50
Q

Which molecule is used as the marker for pregnancy

A

HCG as it can be only made by the placenta and so is only present when someone is pregnant

51
Q

Progesterone and oestrogen production during pregnancy

A

First 40 days; produced in corpus luteum ( in maternal ovary)
Stimulated by HCG ( produced by trophoblast) which act on LH receptors
Essential for developing fetoplacental unit
Inhibits maternal LH and FSH ( -ve feedback) so no more energy released/ periods occurring during pregnancy

From day 40,
Placenta starts to take over

52
Q

What hormones increase during pregnancy

A 
ACTH 
Adrenal steroid
Prolactin 
IGF1 
Iodothyronones
PTH related peptides
53
Q

Decrease in maternal hormones during pregnancy

A

Gonadotrophins
Pituitary GH
TSH

54
Q

What does oxytocin do in the control of parturition

A

Stimulates uterine contraction
Cervical dilation
Milk ejection

55
Q

Hyperprolactonaemia

A

Have milk coming out of breasts due to too much milk synthesis so leaks out- galactorrhea.

B (24 decks)

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