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Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system can be split into two nervous systems

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What is the CNS composed of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the PNS composed of

A

Nerves ( cranial and spinal) and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

3 sections of the brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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5
Q

What is the forebrain made up of

A

Cerebral hemisphere

Diencephalon

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6
Q

What is the hindbrain made up of

A

Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum

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7
Q

What does the brainstem consist of

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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8
Q

What does the frontal lobe do

A

Regulate and initiate motor function , language, cognitive functions ( executive function (e.g. planning), attention , memory)

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9
Q

Parietal lobes function

A

Sensation ( touch , pain) , sensory aspects of language, spatial orientation and self perception

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10
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Processing auditory information

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11
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processing visual information

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12
Q

What does the limbic lobe consist of

A

Amygdala, hippocampus , mammillary body and cingulate gyrus

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13
Q

What does the limbic system do

A

Concerned with learning, memory , emotion , motivation and reward

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14
Q

Where is insular cortex located

A

Deep within the lateral fissure

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15
Q

What does the insular cortex do

A

Concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interception , auditory processing , visual vestibular integration ( balance between the sensation from our eyes and the sensation of our balance)

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16
Q

The three layers of the meninges

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

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17
Q

Arachnoid matter

A

Thin , translucent, mesh like( 2 cell thick)

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18
Q

Arachnoid matter

A

Thin , transparent , fibrous membrane

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19
Q

Dura

A

Thick composed of 2 layers
Periosteum - layer of periosteum
Meningeal- durable, dense fibrous membrane

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20
Q

How is a Dural venous sinus formed

A

At various points in the brain , the meningeal layer peels away from the periosteal layer to form the Dural venous sinus

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21
Q

Where is CSF formed

A

In the choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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22
Q

Where is CSF situated

A

Occupies ventricular system and the sub arachnoid space

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23
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed

A

Reabsorbed via arachnoid villi ( granulation) into superior saggital sinus

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24
Q

Difference between CSF and Plasma

A

Lower pH, less glucose, protein and potassium than plasma

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25
Q

What is a mixed spinal nerve

A

Point at which ventral and dorsal rootlets have combined and so the motor and sensory nerves are in the same nerve

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26
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Contain cell bodies of primary sensory neurons they have endings in skin and joints

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27
Q

White matter

A

Filled with axons travelling superiorly and inferiorly

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28
Q

Dorsal

A

Sensory fibres

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29
Q

Ventral

A

Motor fibres

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30
Q

Are motor fibres towards anterior or posterior side

A

Anterior as the motor root is in the ventral horn

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31
Q

Spinal cord

A

Composed of segments – each gives rise to a pair of mixed spinal nerves

32
Q

Different regions of the spinal-cord

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
33
Q

How many nerves in the cervical region

A

Eight

34
Q

How many nerves in the thoracic region

A

12

35
Q

How many nerves in the lumbar region

A

Five

36
Q

How many nerves in the sacral region

A

5

37
Q

How many nerves in the coccygeal region

A

1

38
Q

Where do nerves emerge through

A

Intervertebral foramina

39
Q

Nerves C1-C7 emerge

A

Above vertebrae

40
Q

Nerves C8-CO2 emerge

A

Below vertebrae

41
Q

Where are the two places in the spinal-cord where there are enlargements

A

Cervical enlargement

Lumbar enlargement

42
Q

Why is there a cervical enlargement

A

To allow for the innervation of the upper limbs

43
Q

Why is there an enlargement of the lumbar region

A

To allow for the innervation of the lower limbs

44
Q

Major descending pathway

A

Major pathway for voluntary movement is the corticospinal tract

45
Q

Corticospinal tract and motor neurones

A

The corticospinal tract is composed of upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord

46
Q

What do the lower motor neurons in the brain stem supply

A

Muscles of the head and neck

47
Q

What do you motor neurons in the spinal-cord supply

A

They innervate the rest of the body and limbs

48
Q

What is the difference between upper and lower motor neurones

A

The nerves that send messages between the cerebral cortex and the spinal-cord are called upper motor neurones and those that relay messages from the spine to the muscles are called lower motor neurons

49
Q

What are the two major ascending pathways

A

Dorsal column pathway

Spinothalamic tract

50
Q

Dorsal column pathway

A

Fine touch vibration and proprioception ( position) from the skin and joints, pressure

51
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Pain temperature (and crude touch) from the skin

52
Q

Which Part of the spinal-cord does the dorsal column pathway occupy

A

Posterior aspect

53
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located

A

Precentral gyrus

54
Q

How many neurons are involved in the corticospinal tract

A

2( upper motor neurone and lower motor neurone )

55
Q

Where does desuccation occur in the corticospinal tract

A

85% of fibres decussate in the medulla

56
Q

Implications of the decussation of the corticospinal tract

A

As it Decussates in the medulla (1st neuron Decussates) the damage to the spine is ipsilateral to the symptoms experienced

57
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

Conducts impulses from the brain to the cranial nerves these nerves control the muscles of the face and neck and are involved in facial expression mastication swallowing and other motor functions

58
Q

Difference between pyramidal and extra pyramidal tracts

A

Pyramidal tracts for example corticospinal and corticobulbar tract control voluntary control of the musculature of the body and face
Extra pyramidal tracts are responsible for the in voluntary and automatic control of all musculature such as muscle tone balance posture and locomotion

59
Q

Examples of extra pyramidal tracts

A

Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal
Reticulospinal
Rubrospinal

60
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

Provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments

61
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

Orientation of the head and neck during Eye movements

62
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Control of breathing and emotional motor function

63
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

Innovates lower motor neurons of the upper limb but this has been largely taken over by the corticospinal tract in humans and only becomes active in humans after injury to the corticospinal tract or lesions in the corticospinal tract

64
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located

A

Post central gyrus

65
Q

What are the two principal ascending pathways

A

Dorsal column pathway and the spinothalamic pathway

66
Q

Dorsal column pathway

A

Fibres enter via the dorsal horn and enter the ascending dorsal column pathway
Information conveyed from the lower limbs and body ( below T6) travel ipsilaterally along the gracile tract
Information Conveyed from upper limbs and body and therefore above T6 travel ipsilaterally along the cuneate tract

67
Q

How many neurons are involved in the dorsal column pathway

A

3

68
Q

Where do the tracts of the dorsal column pathway synapse

A

First synapse of the gracile tract is in the gracile nucleus of the medulla
First synapse of the cuneate tract is in the cuneate nucleus in the medulla

69
Q

What happens in the dorsal column pathway after the first synapse has occurred in the medulla

A

Second order axons or neurons decussate in the caudal medulla they then form the contralateral medial Lemniscus tract which then synapses in the thalamus

70
Q

What are happens after decussation has happened in the dorsal column pathway

A

Third order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex the size of the somatotopic areas is proportional to the density of sensory receptors in that body region ( somatosensory homunculus )

71
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

A

Pain and temperature

72
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract

A

Crude touch

73
Q

What do the first order neurons do after entering spinal cord in the spinothalamic tract

A

Primary afferents axons terminate upon entering the spinal-cord . seconds order neurons decussate immediately in the spinal cord and form the spinothalamic tract. So contralateral flow

74
Q

What happens to the second order neurone in the spinothalamic tract

A

Terminate in the thalamus

75
Q

What happened to the third order neurons in the spinothalamic tract which come from the thalamus

A

Project to the somatosensory cortex

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