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B > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

General facts about the autonomic nervous system

A

Sub division of the peripheral nervous system

Not under conscious control

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2
Q

Examples of things controlled by the autonomic nervous system

A

Cardiac muscle ( heart)
Smooth muscle
Internal organs
Skin

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3
Q

Somatic sensory

A

Responds to external sensory

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4
Q

Visceral sensory

A

Controls internal environment

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5
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system consist of

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the visceral motor system

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6
Q

Which horn does sensory information enter the spinal cord through

A

Dorsal horn

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7
Q

Where does motor information leave the spinal cord through

A

Ventral horn

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8
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

Routine maintenance ( ‘rest and digest’)

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9
Q

What does the sympathetic response do

A

‘Fight and flight’ response

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10
Q

Effect parasympathetic nervous system has on pupil

A

Constricts

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11
Q

Effect sympathetic nervous system has on pupil

A

Dilation as during fight or flight you want to be receiving as much sensory info as possible so dilate the pupil

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12
Q

What does Parasympathetic/Sympathetic do on heart

A

Parasympathetic; decreases rate and contraction to

Sympathetic; increases rate and comtractility

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13
Q

What does parasympathetic and sympathetic do on stomach

A

Parasympathetic : increased motility and secretion

Sympathetic ; decreased motility and secretions

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14
Q

What does parasympathetic / sympathetic do on lungs

A

Sympathetic : dilation , during fight or flight more O2 is needed
Parasympathetic; constriction

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15
Q

What does parasympathetic / sympathetic do on liver

A

Parasympathetic; increased bile release

Sympathetic; increased glucose release - fight or flight so need more glucose

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16
Q

What does parasympathetic/sympathetic do on bladder

A

Parasympathetic; contraction of bladder and stimulate bladder emptying
Sympathetic; relaxation

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17
Q

Baroreceptors and blood pressure

A

Baroreceptor firing rate is directly proportional to pressure.
Increase in blood pressure-> increase in baroreceptor firing rate

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18
Q

High blood pressure

A

Parasympathetic is switched on and decreases BP, heart rate is controlled and doesn’t go higher, sympathetic is switched off as you don’t want the BP to increase and go higher.

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19
Q

Low Blood pressure

A

Baroreceptor firing rate decreases, so stimulus to inhibit sympathetic nervous system decreases, and the sympathetic nervous system is turned on

20
Q

Where do visceral motor nuclei originate and the what path do they follow

A

Originate in the hypothalamus and these visceral motor neurone project to the brain stem or the spinal cor where they synapse with autonomic neurone ( parasympathetic or sympathetic)

21
Q

Pre and post ganglionic neurones in the Parasympathetic NS

A

Long preganglionic fibres
Ganglions are close to / embedded within the effector tissues
Short post ganglionic fibres

22
Q

Pre and post ganglionic neurones in the Sympathetic nervous system

A

Short pre ganglionic fibres
Ganglions close to spinal cord
Long post ganglionic fibres

23
Q

Advantage of having a short pre ganglionic fibres in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Normally lots of sympathetic nerves in sympathetic trunks which are long and run parallel to spinal cord- allows for mass activation of neurones. So if you want an increased heart rate at same time as lung dilates

24
Q

Exception to two neurone arrangement in ANS

A

Adrenal gland - only have sympathetic nerve that innervates the adrenal gland - basically pre ganglionic fibre

25
Q

Neurotransmitters released at both synapses of parasympathetic nerve

A

Acetylcholine from presynaptic and postsynaptic ganglion

26
Q

Neurotransmitter release at ore ganglion

A

ACh

27
Q

Neurotransmitter released at post ganglionic fibre

A

Noradrenaline

28
Q

What is released at sympathetic nerve of adrenal gland

A

Adrenal gland secretes a hormone not a transmitter. Adrenaline ( and some noradrenaline) , and a bit of dopamine is released into bloodstream not synapse as only one ganglion

29
Q

What effect would the smell of food have on the gut

A

Parasympathetic’rest and digest’ would be activated and would tell stomach to start contracting and producing secretions .

30
Q

What is the enteric nervous system

A

Control system in gut which can occur independently of brain . The autonomic nervous system is the central control

31
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the lung function

A

There are no sympathetic neurones innervating the lung tissue. There are only parasympathetic .

So adrenal glands release adrenaline which passes into blood into lungs and causes bronchodilation as neurotransmitter can’t be used

32
Q

Micturition reflex

A

Sensory information received within the bladder is that the pressure within the bladder is high and so the bladder slowly fills with urine. Info goes to the brain and down the NS again.

You don’t want the bladder to contract until full so moderate pressure in bladder actually leads to internal sphincter being in change and contracted and so bladder closes ( SYMPATHETIC IN CHARGE)

Once pressure gets to full the detrusor muscle contracts and the PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM IS IN CHARGE

33
Q

What type of receptor would be at an autonomic pre ganglionic fibre and adrenal gland

A

Ion channel receptor - nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

34
Q

What receptor mediates the response from neurotransmitter released from post ganglionic fibre

A

Muscarinic or adrenegric fibres ( G protein coupled receptor - slow response )

35
Q

Type of receptor in post ganglionic fibre in parasympathetic

A

Muscarinic

36
Q

What type of receptor would be in post ganglionic fibre in sympathetic system

A

Adrenergic

37
Q

Biosynthesis and metabolism of acetylcholine in synapses

A

1) choline and acetyl CoA enzymatically converted by choline acetyl transferase
2) packages into vesicles
3) AP , Ca influx, exocytosis
4) transmitter release
5) receptor activation ( muscarinic or nicotinic )
6) ACh rapidly degraded by acetylcholinesterase in synapse. Choline taken up into presynaptic terminal by choline uptake protein

38
Q

What would happen if you block acetylcholinesterase

A

The ACh would accumulate in neurone and so you would have a much more powerful ACh response

39
Q

Biosynthesis and metabolism of noradrenaline

A

1) tyrosine converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase . DOPA converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase
2) dopamine is packaged into vesicles with dopamine b hydroxylase . Produces noradrenaline,
3) stuff happens
5 ) adrenergic receptor is activated.
6) removal of neurotransmitter from synapse via uptake into pre- synaptic terminal or glial cell..

40
Q

What two enzymes break down noradrenaline

A

Monoamine oxidase in pre synaptic terminal

Ciatachole O methyl transferase in Glial cell ( COMT)

41
Q

Biosynthesis and metabolism of adrenaline

A

1) tyrosine converted to DOpA by tyrosine hydroxylase
DOPA converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase
2) Dopamine packaged into vesicles with dopamine B hydroxylase . Noradrenaline is the product
3) noradrenaline coverted to adrenaline in the cytoplasm by phenylethanol methyl transferase in adrenal gland
4) action potential causes calcium influx and exocytosis
5) exocytosis and neurotransmitter release
6) adrenaline diffuses into capillary and is transported to tissues in blood

42
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord from

A

From T1 to L2 or L3

43
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord from

A

Emerges from cranial outflow in cranial nerves 3 , 7 , 9 and 10 or from the sacral outflow

44
Q

Which organ does not have direct sympathetic innervation

A

Lungs- goes via adrenal gland and then release of adrenaline

45
Q

Which organ does not have direct parasympathetic innervation

A

Adrenal gland

B (24 decks)

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