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Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic afferent nerves convey information from

A

Skin, skeletal muscle and joints

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2
Q

Somatic afferent nerves convey information to

A

Skeletal muscles

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3
Q

What is a dermatome

A

An area of skin that is supplied by single spinal nerve

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4
Q

What is a myotome

A

Group of muscles innervate by a single spinal nerve

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5
Q

How can myotomes be tested

A

Most individual muscles of the body are innervate by more than one spinal-cord level so the evaluation of myotomes is usually accompanied by testing movements of joints or muscle groups

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6
Q

How can the dermatome be tested

A

There is an overlap between the distributions of dermatomes but usually a specific region within each dermatome can be identified as an area supplied by single spinal-cord level
Testing touch in the autonomous zones in a conscious patient can be used to localised lesions in a specific spinal nerve or to a specific level of the spinal-cord

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7
Q

What is the viscera

A

Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic

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8
Q

Where do you sympathetic efferent nerves innervate

A

Viscera ( organs) and periphery( vascular urge and sweat glands)

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9
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves innervate

A

Viscera only

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10
Q

What is a ganglion

A

A collection of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

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11
Q

What is the nucleus

A

A collection of cell bodies inside the central nervous system

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12
Q

What is a plexus

A

A network of interconnecting nerves

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13
Q

All afferent fibres have a cell bodies in the

A

Spinal ganglia

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14
Q

Visceral efferent fibres synapse in the

A

Peripheral ganglion

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15
Q

What is an axon covered in

A

Endoneurium

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16
Q

What does a fascicle consistent of

A

Many axons

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17
Q

What is the fascicle covered in

A

Perineurium

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18
Q

Many fascicles form a

A

Nerve

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19
Q

What is a nerve covered in

A

Epineurium

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20
Q

What are the two classification system of peripheral nerves

A 
Conduction velocity
Axonal diameter( sensory only)
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21
Q

Classification system based on conduction velocity

A

Uses letters A,B and C with A being fastest

22
Q

Classification system based on axonal diameter

A

Uses Roman numerals I- IV with I being the largest diameter

23
Q

What are Exteroceptors

A

To text pain touch temperature and pressure

24
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

Detect movement and joint position.
They can be found in muscle spindles - detect changes in muscles length

They can be found in golgi tendon organs- detect changes in tension in tendons

They can be found in joint receptors - found in joint capsules and detect start and end of movement

25
Q

What are enterorepetors

A

Detect movement through gut and blood pH

26
Q

What is an example of external sensory receptors

A

Exteroceptors

27
Q

What is an example of internal sensory receptors

A

Proproceptors and enteroceptors

28
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect molecules which binds to receptor , for example in olfactory bulb

29
Q

What are photoreceptors

A

Detect light in the retina

30
Q

Was are thermoreceptors

A

Detect temperature in the skin

31
Q

What are mechanoreceptors

A

Mechanical opening of iron channel for example touch receptors in the skin

32
Q

Nociceptors

A

Detect tissue damage, interpreted as pain

33
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction

A

Specialise junction between a motoneuron and a muscle fibre

34
Q

What is the motor unit

A

A single mention your own together with all the muscle fibres that it innervates

35
Q

What is a ligament

A

Connects bone to bone

36
Q

What is the tendon

A

Muscle to bone

37
Q

Knee-jerk reflex

A

When you sweat the patella ligament you got the knee jerk reflex but you’re actually hitting the quadriceps of thigh

38
Q

What is a reflex action

A

An involuntary coordinated pattern of muscle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli

39
Q

Process of the knee jerk reflex

A

Stretching stimulate sensory receptor (muscle spindle)
Sensory neuron is activated
Within integrating centre of the spinal-cord sensory neuron activates the motoneuron
The motorneuron is activated
Effector which is the same muscle contracts and believes the structuring

The motor neurone to antagonistic muscle is inhibited

40
Q

What are the exceptions to the rule of adrenaline being release at post ganglionic neurones

A

Sweat glands and blood vessels which have sympathetic innervation where ACh is the neurotransmitter released

41
Q

Parasympathetic outflow

A

Craniosacral ( brainstem cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 and S2-S4 spinal segments)

42
Q

Sympathetic outflow

A

Thoracolumbar outflow T1-L2

43
Q

Visceral sensory

A

Relays sensory information from the core
Pain , fullness,blood pressure
T1-L2, S2-S4 and cranial nerves 9 and 10

44
Q

Visceral motor

A

Outflow to core and body wall
Controls pupils, sweat glands, salivary glands and heart muscle and airways
Thoracolumbar ( T1-L2 ) and craniosacral outflow

45
Q

Look at anatomy of sympathetic outflow to periphery

A

Look at anatomy of sympathetic outflow to periphery

46
Q

White ramps communicants

A

Called white as the pre ganglionic neurone has a myelin sheath

47
Q

Grey ramus communicants

A

Post ganglionic neurone is non myelinated and so when it goes out of the sympathetic chains , it goes via greys ramus communicans

48
Q

Sympathetic outflow to heart

A

Comes out of T1-T4 and the collection of nerves that surround the heart is known as the cardiac plexus

49
Q

Anatomy of sympathetic outflow to the viscera

A

Thoraccic nerves go into sympathetic chains but no synapse occurs in sympathetic chain. Pre ganglionic nerves travel straight down to the gut in things called sphlancic nerves where they collect and form greater, lesser and least sphlancic nerves. When they get to organs, they synapse in pre aortic Ganglia where you find cell bodies of post ganglionic neurones ( eg. In gut)

50
Q

Anatomy of parasympathetic outflow to viscera

A

Have specialised ganglia where pre and post ganglionic nerves synapse, usually in CNS

B (24 decks)

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