Reproductive System

Question 1

Gametes and gonads for male and female

Answer 1

Male:
Gametes- sperm
Gonads- testes
Female:
Gametes- eggs
Gonads- ovaries

Question 2

Spermatogenesis functions best at what temperature

Answer 2

Few degrees lower than normal body temp- hence it is outside the body

Question 3

Testicular thermoregulation is maintained by these 2 muscles

Answer 3

Cremaster muscle and Dartos muscle

Question 4

When the ambient temperature is cold, which muscles acts on the testes and what does it do?

Answer 4

Cremaster muscle- contracts to draw in testes closer to the body
Dartos muscle- contracts to wrinkle the scrotal skin (reducing surface area through which heat can escape)

Question 5

When the ambient temperature is warm, which muscle acts on the testes and what does it do?

Answer 5

Cremaster muscle- relaxes when the temperature is warm

Question 6

Where does spermatogenesis occurs in the testes?

Answer 6

Seminiferous tubules

Question 7

Which cells in the testes support spermatogenesis?

Answer 7

Serotonin cells

Question 8

Which cells produce testosterone?

Answer 8

Leydig cells

Question 9

Sperm moves from seminiferous tubules to a structure attached to rear of the testes. This is used for storage and further maturation of spermatozoa

Answer 9

Epididymis

Question 10

Spermatozoa gain their motility at which structure?

Answer 10

Epididymis at the course of 2 to 3 months

Question 11

When ejaculation occurs, sperm travels from epididymis to? This tube connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

Answer 11

Vas deferens

Question 12

These vesicles generate nutrients for semen

Answer 12

Seminal vesicles

Question 13

This gland produces pre-ejaculate that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes remaining acidification urine

Answer 13

Cowper’s gland (Bulbourethral gland)

Question 14

This feature of the semen helps protect the sperm from damage sue to the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract

Answer 14

Alkaline pH

Question 15

Semen containing no sperm

Answer 15

Azoospermia

Question 16

Sperm cell division

Answer 16

Spermatogonium —> Primary spermatocyte —> Secondary Spermatocyte —> Spermatid

Question 17

What happens to go from spermatogonium to primary spermatocyte?

Answer 17

Mitosis

Question 18

What happens to go from primary to secondary spermatocyte?

Answer 18

Meiosis I

Question 19

What happens to go from secondary spermatocyte to spermatid?

Answer 19

Meiosis II

Question 20

T or F. The spermatocytes do not become haploid until meiosis II

Answer 20

False. They are haploid after meiosis I but are sister chromatids (copy of the same gene)

Question 21

Modification during the final stage of spermiogenesis

Answer 21

Formation of tail, loss of excess cytoplasm, and formation of acrosomal cap

Question 22

This contains enzymes required to fertilize an egg

Answer 22

Acrosomal cap

Question 23

T or F. After formation of tail and acrosomal cap, the sperm is complete and can move freely

Answer 23

False. This also happened before it reaches the epididymis and the sperm does not get motility until it has stayed at the epididymis for a bit

Question 24

Parts of a mature sperm

Answer 24

Head- (acrosome, nucleus, and centriole)
Midpiece- (mitochondria)
Tail- (flagellum)

Question 25

How long is the production of mature spermatozoa from spermatogonia

Answer 25

3 months

Question 26

Pogo is are formed from what cells?

Answer 26

Primordial germ cells

Question 27

Eggs cell division

Answer 27

Oogonium —> primary oocyte arrested in prophase I —> 1n zygote and first polar body dies —> 2n zygote and second polar body dies (this only happens when fertilized)

Question 28

T or F. Meiosis I does not occur until puberty for women

Answer 28

True

Question 29

At the beginning of pregnancy estrogen and progesterone are produced in what structures in ovaries?

Answer 29

Corpus luteum- remnants of ruptured ovarian follicles

Question 30

Later in pregnancy, what produces estrogen and progesterone

Answer 30

Placenta

Question 31

The placenta produces a hormone only during pregnancy which maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy and is the hormone detected in urine during pregnancy

Answer 31

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 32

Ovarian cycle

Answer 32

Follicular phase —> ovulation —> luteal phase

Question 33

Follicular phase

Answer 33

Follicle matures

Question 34

Ovulation

Answer 34

Egg is released

Question 35

Luteal phase

Answer 35

What happens after the ovum is released | 1. Follicle becomes the corpus luteum (if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum decays)

Question 36

Uterine cycle

Answer 36

1. Menses- coincide with the follicular phase. During menstruation, the uterine endometrium thins as the tissue built up in the previous cycle is sloughed off 2. Proliferative Phase- sfter menstruation, the uterine endometrium proliferates, growing thicker and enriched with blood vessels 3. Secretory phase- overlaps with the luteal phase. Uterine endometrium continues to thicken and undergo changes to make it habitable for implantation

Question 37

During increase of FSH which other hormone increases

Answer 37

Estrogen - exert positive feedback

Question 38

The peak of estrogen causes surge of which hormone

Answer 38

FSH and LH

Question 39

The peak of LH starts what process

Answer 39

Triggers Ovulation and the ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum

Question 40

The corpus luteum produces which hormone causing what?

Answer 40

The progesterone- helps maintain. The readiness of the uterine endometrium for implantation

Question 41

If implantation occurs, the embryo secretes which hormone

Answer 41

hCG- maintains corpus luteum which continues to produce progesterone which maintains endometrial lining

Question 42

By th 2nd trimester, which hormone dissipates and why?

Answer 42

The hCG because progesterone production is taken over by placenta

Question 43

The degenerated corpus luteum is called?

Answer 43

Corpus albicans