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Microbiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The oldest form of cellular life. They are defined by the absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

What are the two domains of life of prokaryotes?

A

Archaea and Bacteria

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3
Q

These are unicellular organisms that have been traditionally known as extremophiles, capable of inhibiting environments with high salinity or extreme temperatures.

A

Archaea

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4
Q

How does archaea resemble both bacteria and eukaryotic cells?

A

They resemble bacteria with their lack of nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. They resemble eukaryotic cells in terms of certain genes and enzymes used in metabolic pathways. Furthermore, they use organic compounds such as ammonia, metal ions, and even hydrogen.

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5
Q

Example of mutualistic relationship of bacteria with the body?

A

Vitamins K and B7 are produced in the gut by bacteria

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6
Q

Spherical bacteria are known as

A

Cocci

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7
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria are called

A

Bacilli

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8
Q

Spiral-shaped bacteria are known as

A

Spirilla

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9
Q

Bacteria that do not require oxygen for metabolism are known as

A

Anaerobes

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10
Q

Oxygen is toxic for this bacteria

A

Obligate anaerobes

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11
Q

Bacteria that can engage in aerobic or anaerobic metabolism, depending on circumstances

A

Facultative anaerobes

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12
Q

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria have cell wall that encloses a cell membrane which provides structural support in a range of environments. It is characterized by by the presence of a polysaccharide known as?

A

Peptidoglycan- gives cell wall its rigidity

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13
Q

This process is used to differentiate between the two main types of bacterial cell walls which contain different quantities of peptidoglycan

A

Gram staining

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14
Q

Which are gram-positive bacteria and which are gram-negative?

A

Gram-positive bacteria have cells with extensive peptidoglycan structures while gram-negative have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by a liposaccharide outer membrane

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15
Q

Gram staining instructions

A

See biology book, pg.44

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16
Q

Colors of gram-positive and negative

A

Positive- deep purple

Negative- pink

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17
Q

Describe sedimentation rate. It refers to how long it takes a particle to sink to the bottom of a test tube under high-intensity centrifugation.

A

Svedberg Units

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18
Q

The Svedberg units are proportional to ?

A

Mass- larger particles take longer to sediment (but this is not a linear relationship)

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19
Q

Clinical importance of the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes can be a target of antibiotics

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20
Q

Difference in the movement of flagella in bacteria and eukaryotes

A

Bacteria- rotational movement

Eukaryotes- whipping motion

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21
Q

Which part of the flagella is where the rotation takes place?

A

Basal body

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22
Q

The three components of flagella

A

Filament, basal body, and hook

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23
Q

Movement in response to chemical signals is known as

A

Chemotaxis

24
Q

The bacteria’s genetic material is contained in a single circular chromosome that tends to congregate in a region of the cell known as the

A

Nucleoid region

25
Q

T or F. Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes can carry out transcription and translation simultaneously

A

True.

26
Q

In addition to the main chromosome, prokaryotes often contain small circular pieces of DNA known as

A

Plasmids

27
Q

*Important info regarding PLASMIDS

A

They generally code for advantageous but non-essential abilities, and play a major role in ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE. They also often code for virulence factors

28
Q

Refers to anything that allows a bacterial infection to be more virulent, or harmful to the host

A

Virulence factors

29
Q

Bacteria reproduce through what process?

A

Binary Fission

30
Q

Mitosis occurs in eukaryotes and binary fission occurs in prokaryotes

A

They are not the same!! Bacteria have neither linear chromosomes nor a proper cytoskeleton.

31
Q

Steps of Binary Fission

A
  1. Replication- the chromosome is duplicated while the cell grows
  2. Segregation and growth of a new cell wall- chromosomes are pulled towards different sides of the cell envelope begins to grow towards the middle of the cell
  3. Separation of two daughter cells
32
Q

The Bacterial growth curve

A
  1. Lag phase- they adapt to environment
  2. Exponential or log phase
  3. Stationary phase- environment is unable to sustain growth
  4. Death phase- resources are exhausted
33
Q

Bacteria can engage in horizontal gene transfer through three mechanisms

A

Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation

34
Q

Refers to the ability of some bacteria to absorb genetic material directly form the environment

A

Transformation

35
Q

This is a virus-mediated gene transfer. Bacteriophages incorporate part of the bacterial genome during assembly

A

Transduction- heavily used in biotechnology

36
Q

Can be thought of as true bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction, and involves type transfers of a plasmid through a bridge that is created when a sex pious on one bacterium attaches to another bacterium. The fertility factor itself is duplicated and transferred creating a new F+ cell.

A

Conjugation- major mechanism contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance

37
Q

These are obligate intracellular parasites, which means they must hijack host cells to replicate

A

Viruses

38
Q

All viruses contain these 2 structural features

A

A genetic material, and capsid

39
Q

Important note about virus

A

Those with an envelope cannot survive for long at all in the environment (ex. HIV- has to be in bodily fluids to survive). They are easily destroyed through light, heat, or desiccation. Rotavirus (diarrhea) do not have envelope -so can be persistent in the environment

40
Q

This term is used specifically to the fully-assembled infectious virus

A

Vision

41
Q

The genetic material of viruses are single or double stranded?

A

Both! They can have single and double-stranded DNA or RNA

42
Q

The subdivision of single-stranded RNA viruses that contain mRNA that can immediately be translated by the cell.

A

Positive-sense virus

43
Q

This subdivision of single-stranded RNA viruses contain RNA that is complementary to mRNA, meaning that mRNA must be synthesized by an enzyme know as ____________ that is carried in the virion

A

Negative-sense virus, RNA replicase

44
Q

viruses whose host cells are bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

45
Q

How do bacteriophages infect bacteria?

A

They inject their genetic material through a syringe like structure known as a tail sheath. Tail fibers are used to attach to host cells

46
Q

MCAT strategy: VIRUSES (Approaches to antiviral medication)

A
  1. Interfering with binding/ cell entry
  2. Process of synthesizing new genetic material
  3. Blocking/ translation
  4. Interfering with the assembly of viral proteins
47
Q

Retroviruses are distinct class of which type of virus

A

Single-stranded RNA

48
Q

Retroviruses use an enzyme known as _________ __________ to synthesize DNA from their RNA genome. This DNA is then incorporated into the genome of the host cell, where it replicates along with the host

A

Reverse transcriptase

49
Q

What makes pathogenic retroviruses so hard to kill?

A

They cannot be killed without killing their host cells

Ex. HIV

50
Q

Clinical application of reverse transcriptase

A

It is used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences from RNA in the lab

51
Q

RNA virus vs DNA virus: expression of protein-encoding genes

A

RNA virus- can accomplish this in the cytoplasm itself
DNA virus- needs to get into the nucleus for the mRNA to be synthesized
*Viral genome must also be replicated

52
Q

Virions can be released form a host cell through a process known as _________, which is similar to exocytosis and does not damage the host cell.

A

Extrusion
*virions can also be produced in such quantities that they cause the host cell to lose and spill out into the environment

53
Q

During this cycle, the bacteriophages works to replicate at full speed, making full use of the host cell’s machinery until the host cell is so full that it bursts or loses

A

Lyric cycle

54
Q

In this cycle, a bacteriophage can integrate its levels into the host genome, at which point it is referred to as a ___________ or a ___________. In response to environmental signals, the prophage can re-emerge from the host genome and resume a lytic cycle

A

Lysogenic cycle

Prophage or a provirus

55
Q

Infectious proteins. Misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to be misfolded as well, with implications for cellular function. Give example.

A

Prions

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or “mad cow disease, fatal familial insomnia, kuru (transmitted by cannibalism)

56
Q

Small infectious particles found in plants can silence gene expression by binding to specific RNA sequences

A

Viroids

Biology (16 decks)

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