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Excretory system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Key structures for the excretory system

A

Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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2
Q

Part of the nephron where blood is initially filtered into the nephron and is located within the renal cortex

A

Renal corpuscle

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3
Q

Water and solutes that will eventually become urine

A

Filtrate

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4
Q

Pathway of filtrate

A

Renal tubules -> collecting duct -> tubules in medullary pyramids (drains into minor calyces) -> urine collects in major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter

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5
Q

2 muscles that control the release of urine through the urethra

A

Internal and external urethral sphincters

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6
Q

Internal sphincter is composed of what muscle and controlled by which nervous system

A

Smooth muscle and controlled by autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

External sphincter is composed of what muscle and controlled by which nervous system

A

Skeletal and controlled consciously

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8
Q

T or F. Only one sphincter is needed to be open for urine to flow from the urethra

A

False. Both sphincters are required

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9
Q

Which contains the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule- wraps around the glomerulus

A

Renal corpuscle

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10
Q

The blood exits the glomerulus through which vessels

A

Arteriole rather than a venial

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11
Q

Arteriole that carries blood towards the glomerulus. What is the opposite called

A

Afferent: towards the glomerulus
Efferent: away from glomerulus

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12
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus

A

Pushing fluid outward against the capillary walls - causes some water and small particles to to be pushed or filtered out of the glomerulus into the bowman’s capsule

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13
Q

Small particles that can be filtered into the bowman’s capsule

A

Water, salts, vitamins, glucose, and amino acids

*Protein will never make it into the filtrate

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14
Q

3 main parts of the renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henley, and distal convoluted tubule

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15
Q

Functions of renal tubule

A
  1. Adjusts volume of filtrate
  2. Reabsorbs valuable nutrients
  3. Expels waste
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16
Q

PCT main function

A

Reabsorbs water and valuable nutrients such as glucose and amino acids

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17
Q

How are solutes reabsorbed in the renal tubules

A

Peritubular capillaries surround them

18
Q

Glucose concentration in the urine could be a sign of which disease

A

Diabetes

19
Q

This dives from the renal cortex into the renal medulla

A

Loop of henle

20
Q

This allows for retention of large amounts of water and solutes. This dramatically reduces the volume of urine produced without dramatically changing its concentration

A

Loop of henle

21
Q

The renal medulla is mulch more hypertonic which means?

A

It is solute-rich and solute concentration increases the deeper you go into the medulla

22
Q

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to what and impermeable to what?

A

Permeable to water but not ions
*more and more water is flow down the concentration gradient out of the loop into the medulla as it plunges deeper to the solute-rich medulla

23
Q

The blood vessels close to the loop of Henle

A

Vasa recta

24
Q

The filtrate is most concentrated at which part of the medulla

A

At the bottom (deepest part of the medulla) as the water has exited as it goes down the descending limb of the loop of henle

25
Q

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to what and impermeable to what?

A

Permeable to solute ions but not water through passive transport

26
Q

Thin vs thick ascending limb

A

Thin ascending limb is the bottom portion of the limb and where solutes can pass through passive transport

Thick ascending limb is the upper portion of the limb and solutes pass through active transport

27
Q

The mechanism through which the loop of Henles operates is known as ?

A

Countercurrent Multiplier System

28
Q

What is a critical point that allows for the countercurrent multiplier system

A

The vasa recta surrounding the loop runs the opposite direction of the loop.
The blood travel opposite direction to the filtrate (prevent concentration to equalize)

29
Q

T or F. The Loop of Henle concentrates the urine

A

False. Concentration is not affected as large quantities of both water and solute leaves

30
Q

Urine is concentrated where

A

In the collecting duct which descends into the medulla parallel to loop of Henle

31
Q

DCT and collecting duct is acted upon by which hormones

A

Aldosterone and ADH (vasopressin)

32
Q

Aldosterone acts on which part of the nephron and to do what?

A
  1. Acts on both DCT and collecting duct to stimulate sodium reabsorption (indirectly cause water reabsorption as water follows solute)
33
Q

ADH acts on which part of the nephron to do what?

A

Acts on collecting duct cells to promote water reabsorption

34
Q

Which ions are reabsorbed in the DCT and secreted?

A

Reabsorbed: Sodium, chloride, and calcium ions
Secreted: potassium ions
(Protons can either be reabsorbed or secreted depending on plasma pH)

35
Q

The DCT can be affected by this hormone which stimulates it to increase calcium reabsorption

A

Parathyroid hormone

36
Q

The excretory system regulates what homeostatic balances

A
  1. Blood pressure
  2. Osmoregulation
  3. Acid-Base balance
  4. Nitrogenous Waste
37
Q

Low blood volume cause what on blood pressure

A

Lowers it

38
Q

Renin is released in response to

A
  1. Decrease blood pressure
  2. Reduced sodium levels
  3. Sympathetic nervous system
39
Q

Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone System

A

Liver -> angiotensinogen + renin from kidney -> angiotensin I + ACE -> Angiotensin II -> Adrenal Cortex -> Aldosterone secretion

40
Q

T or F. Aldosterone increases blood pressure

A

True

41
Q

ADH affect blood pressure and osmolality of blood how

A

Reduce blood pressure and osmolarity

42
Q

T or F. ANP acts to decrease blood pressure unlike ADH and Aldosterone

A

True

Biology (16 decks)

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