Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Endocrine Mechanisms > Flashcards

Endocrine Mechanisms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Main functional difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands only work locally and cannot affect organs in a distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Releases a product via exocytosis

A

Merocrine (Eccrine)

Ex. Sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Releases products by membrane budding

A

Apocrine

Ex. Mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Releases products via membrane rupture and cell lysis

A

Holocrine glands

Ex. Sebaceous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T or F. Pancreas gland is both an exocrine and endocrine gland.

A

True. It releases digestive enzymes to GI tract through pancreatic duct and releases key hormones (insulin and glucagon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T or F. Some molecules can act as both neurotransmitters and hormones

A

True. Ex. Norepinephrine, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

These hormones are one or multiple chains of amino acids (can be few amino acids to a lot)

A

Peptide hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

These hormones are derived from the lipid cholesterol

A

Steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T or F. The steroid hormones like lipid cholesterol contain its characteristic 5 ring structure

A

False. 4 ring structure!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Steroid hormones are (hydrophobic/ hydrophilic) vs peptide hormone are (hydrophobic/ hydrophilic)

A

Steroid: hydrophobic
Peptide: Hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T or F. Peptide hormones can travel around the polar aqueous bloodstream without the need for blood transport proteins. However they cannot diffuses through cell membrane and therefore, binds to cell membrane receptors causing a cascade inside the cell through second messengers.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Common secondary messengers

A

cAMP, IP3, and Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T or F. Peptide hormones are associated with slow and long term changes

A

False. Rapid and short-term changes because they are hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T or F. Because of steroid hormone’s hydrophobicity, it requires a carrier protein to travel along the bloodstream

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Example of carrier proteins that shield steroid hormones to the environment

A

Sex hormone binding globulin and Albumin (binds a variety of nonpolar compounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Steroid hormones influences the transcription which makes its effect (faster/ slower) and has (shorter/ longer) effects

A

Slower ; longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Steroid hormones production

A

The molecules are synthesized from cholesterol in the smooth ER and diffuse directly through the cell membrane into the vascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Peptide hormones production

A
  1. Transcription of relevant mRNA from associated DNA
  2. Translation of mRNA into a polypeptide in ribosome
  3. This polypeptide is called preprohormone-early precursor to mature peptide hormone
  4. Preprohormone enter a secretory pathway for secretion from its cell of origin
  5. during translation, the preprohormone is threaded into the rough ER where it become prohormone- immediate precursors of active peptide hormones
  6. Travel to Golgi apparatus where they are cleaved by peptidases and sometimes modified by glycoslyation
  7. Then they become fully functional peptide hormones
  8. Leave golgi in vesicles and leave to circulation through exocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hormones that are small molecules that are derived from a single amino acid

A

Amino acid derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T3 and T4 are derived from tyrosine and acts more like (peptide/ steroid) hormone

A

Steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine acts more like (peptide/ steroid) hormone

A

Peptide (water-soluble)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are?

A

Catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Melatonin is a derivative of which amino acid solubility property

A

Tryptophan ; amphipathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The nervous system is responsible for sensing changes in environmental conditions and then telling the endocrine system how to respond . The endocrine system is responsible for enacting these changes in the body

A

Neuroendocrine integration

25
Q

Stress hormone response

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes Cortictropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which binds to anterior pituitary gland
  2. Anterior pituitary gland release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) tow act on adrenal cortex
  3. Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol into circulation
26
Q

Steroid hormone released during periods of long-term stress. This increases metabolism of fats, proteins, and sugars

A

Cortisol

27
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland is hormonal and which is neuronal?

A

Anterior: hormonal
Posterior: neuronal

28
Q

How is the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland connected

A

Hypophyseal portal system- endothelial cells are extremely permeable

29
Q

These secrete peptide hormones and receive hypothalamic input

A

Both anterior and posterior pituitary gland

30
Q

Posterior pituitary is a bunch of neuronal cell bodies or axons?

A

Axons with their cell bodies in the hypothalamus

31
Q

T or F. All the hormones released by posterior pituitary are synthesized in the hypothalamus

A

True

32
Q

2 hormones released by posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

33
Q

This hormone blocks diuresis (urine formation) when de hydrated

A

ADH

34
Q

2 hormones released by anterior pituitary without go signal from hypothalamus

A

Prolactin and endorphins

35
Q

Low blood pressure and increase blood osmolality will cause (release/ no release) of ADH

A

Release

36
Q

T3 and T4 increase what rate?

A

Metabolic

37
Q

Hypothyroidism means (lower/ higher metabolic rate?

A

Lower- cause fatigue and weight gain

38
Q

Hyperthyroidism mean (lower/ higher) metabolic rate?

A

Higher- cause weight loss and higher heart rate

39
Q

Thyroid releases a hormone that reduces calcium concentration in the bloodstream, promoting calcium storage in bone and increase urinary excretion of calcium

A

Calcitonin

40
Q

Which hormone opposes the effect of calcitonin by increasing circulating calcium levels by promoting calcium absorption in the intestine and reduce calcium storage and calcium urine excretion

A

Parathyroid hormone

41
Q

Adrenal cortex release what hormones?

A

Corticosteroid hormones (steroid hromones)

42
Q

3 classes of corticosteroids

A
  1. Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  2. Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  3. Sex hormones (androgens and estrogens)
43
Q

Which hormones stimulates the release of the corticosteroid hormones

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

44
Q

Cortisol

A
  1. Released from the adrenal cortex in response to stress and low blood glucose
  2. Increases blood glucose levels and suppressing inflammatory immune responses
45
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

Influence fluid and “mineral” or salt balance
Ex. Aldosterone- promotes fluid retention by increasing sodium uptake in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron

46
Q

T or F. The adrenal cortex release sex hormones in low levels in comparison to ovaries and testes

A

True

47
Q

The adrenal medulla produces which hormones?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Amino acid-derived hormones

48
Q

Pancreatic alpha cells release which hormone and what is its function?

A

Glucagon- secreted in response to low blood glucose levels

1. Increase blood glucose levels via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

49
Q

Pancreatic beta cells release which hormone and what is its function?

A

Insulin- secreted in response to high blood glucose levels

1. Decrease glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into body tissues

50
Q

Pancreatic delta cells release which hormone and what is its function?

A

Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)- reduces stomach acid secretion and blocks the release of other digestive hormones in an effort to slow down digestion
1. Stops digestive system to digest food when there are plenty of nutrients around

51
Q

Hormone produced by muscles in the heart?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide- helps regulate fluid balance (opposes aldosterone and ADH- released in response to high blood volume)
1. Decreases blood pressure by promoting fluid loss

52
Q

Hormone that helps T cells develop and mature

A

Thymosin from thymus

53
Q

3 Digestive hormones

A

Gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin

54
Q

This is the hormonal y active form of vitamin D and acts like the parathyroid hormone

A

Calcitriol

55
Q

Too much fluid cause (low/ high)

A

High blood pressure

56
Q

Too little fluid

A
  1. Less fluid available to exert pressure on the vessel walls
  2. Increase blood osmolality
57
Q

How does ADH and Aldosterone increase fluid retention and blood pressure

A

ADH: increase water absorption
Aldo: promotes sodium reabsorption which drives water absorption

58
Q

T or F. T4 is 3 or 4 times more potent than T3

A

False. Opposite

Biology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions