Nervous System Divisions and Parts of the Brain

Question 1

What are the 3 meninges?

Answer 1

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Question 2

What protects the brain and spinal cord

Answer 2

CSF, meninges, and skull and vertebrae

Question 3

Nerves that carry signals from periphery to CNS?

Answer 3

Afferent fibers

Question 4

Nerves that carry signals from CNS to periphery

Answer 4

Efferent fibers

Question 5

Clusters of cell bodies outside the CNS located along the sides of spinal cord, digestive system, and other parts of the bodies

Answer 5

Ganglia

Question 6

Prosencephalon forms the?

Answer 6

Forebrain

Question 7

Mesencephalon forms the?

Answer 7

Midbrain

Question 8

Rhombencephalon forms the

Answer 8

Hindbrain

Question 9

The prosencephalon or forebrain divides into 2

Answer 9

Telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 10

The diencephalon gives rise to which organs?

Answer 10

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, and posterior pituitary

Question 11

The telencephalon gives rises to which organs

Answer 11

Cerebrum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia

Question 12

Which colliculus is responsible for visual reflexes

Answer 12

Superior colliculus

Question 13

Which colliculus is responsible for auditory reflexes

Answer 13

Inferior colliculus

Question 14

In the parasympathetic nervous system, preganglionic neurons are (shorter/ longer) than postganglionic neurons

Answer 14

Longer

Question 15

Between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which has a longer preganglionic axons

Answer 15

The parasympathetic

Question 16

In the sympathetic nervous system, preganglionic neurons are (shorter/ longer) that postganglionic neurons

Answer 16

Shorter

Question 17

Organs targeted by a sympathetic activation respond to which neurotransmitter?

Answer 17

Norepinephrine

Question 18

Somatosensation is processed by which part of the cerebrum

Answer 18

Primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

Question 19

The visual pathway

Answer 19

Visual processing begins in the lateral geniculate body of thalamus and superior colliculus before ultimately being processed in the occipital lobe at the primary visual cortex

Question 20

The auditory pathway

Answer 20

Auditory pathway is first modulated at the inferior colliculus before passing on to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus and ultimately the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

Question 21

What is the only sensory pathway that does not pass through the thalamus

Answer 21

Olfactory

Question 22

Gustatory pathway

Answer 22

The gustatory pathway pass through the thalamus before terminating in the gustatory cortex in the insula

Question 23

The planning of motor control is initiated in __________ cortex and executed by the __________ _________ cortex

Answer 23

Premotor cortex ; primary motor cortex

Question 24

The primary motor cortex is located where in the frontal lobe?

Answer 24

Precentral gyrus

Question 25

The precentral and postcentral gyrus is located where and what does this separate?

Answer 25

Central sulcus which separates the frontal and parietal lobe

Question 26

What are the intermediate structures in the brain that modulate electrochemical signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord?

Answer 26

Cerebellum and basal ganglia (includes substantial nigra)- this modulation helps coordinate the contractions of multiple muscle groups to unify directed movement

Question 27

The coordination of muscle group is heavily dependent on which neurotransmitter?

Answer 27

Dopamine

Question 28

Which neurotransmitter is the primary excitatory nerve transmitter in the nervous system, meaning it is responsible for neuron depolarization and Eli citation of action potentials

Answer 28

Glutamate- neurotransmitter and amino acid

Question 29

Which neurotransmitter is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning it hyperpolarizes neurons, reducing their likelihood of firing

Answer 29

GABA

Question 30

The visual pathway passes through which 2 structures before arriving at the occipital lobe?

Answer 30

Superior colliculus and lateral geniculate of the thalamus

Question 31

The auditory pathways passes through which 2 structures before being processed in the temporal lobe?

Answer 31

Medial geniculate body and inferior colliculus

Question 32

These cells provide nutrients, structure, insulation, and defense from pathogens. They also regulate the growth and pruning of neurons

Answer 32

Glial cells

Question 33

Nutrients are transformed by which glial cell

Answer 33

Astrocytes

Question 34

Which glial cells combine with epithelial cells and pericytes to form the blood-brain barrier

Answer 34

Astrocytes

Question 35

This structure links the central nervous system to the blood supply. This is selectively permeable to only a few substances, which helps maintain a stable chemical environment for neurons

Answer 35

Blood-brain barrier

Question 36

One of the function of this glial cell is the constant, insulin independent, active transport of glucose from the blood stream. Ensuring a constant supply of glucose for neurons.

Answer 36

Astrocytes

Question 37

Insulation is provided by which glial cells in the central and peripheral nervous system?

Answer 37

Oligodendrocytes- CNS | Schwann cells- PNS

Question 38

2 purposes for myelination

Answer 38

Prevents cross-talk between neurons and massively speeds up transmission

Question 39

The jumping of action potential from one node to the next in a myelinated axon is known as?

Answer 39

Saltatory conduction

Question 40

The first line of defense against invaders in the CNS. They function like and are closely related to macrophages

Answer 40

Microglia

Question 41

These cells are not just the first line of defense in CNS but can also remove waste in damaged cells, prune some neurons, and could even eat away extracellular protein deposits

Answer 41

Microglia

Question 42

This fluid bathes and buffers all cells within

Answer 42

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 43

The CSF is secreted and circulated by which cells

Answer 43

Ependymal cells- another type of glial cells

Question 44

This fluid provides a stable chemical environment and physically cushions the CNS.

Answer 44

CSF

Question 45

Which end of the neurons receive input?

Answer 45

Dendrites

Question 46

Which end of the neurons sends out signals

Answer 46

Terminal

Question 47

The gap between 2 neurons

Answer 47

Synaptic cleft

Question 48

The graded potentials travel from the dendrites and soma to the?

Answer 48

Axon hillock- where action potential begins

Question 49

Once the action potential reaches a terminal which ion channels open up resulting to influx of this ions

Answer 49

Calcium

Question 50

The influx of calcium ions result to what?

Answer 50

Exocytosis of neurotransmitters

Question 51

Sequence of parasympathetic signal conduction

Answer 51

1. Signal originates in the brain or sacral spinal cord 2. Action potential travels down long axon 3. Action potential reaches ganglion 4. Action potential travels down short axon 5. Acetylcholine released at target tissue

Question 52

More positively charged particles on the outside of cell than inside of cell

Answer 52

Negative membrane potential

Question 53

Intracellular is more rich in which ions and poor on which ions

Answer 53

Rich in K+ and poor in Na+ , Cl-, and Ca2+

Question 54

An enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to pump 3 sodium ions at a time to the outside of a cell and bring 2 potassium ions in.

Answer 54

Na+K+ATPase

Question 55

Potentials add up if they are located close together

Answer 55

Spatial Summation

Question 56

Potentials add up is they happen in a short time

Answer 56

Temporal Summation

Question 57

What kind of channels do we find right after the axon hillock?

Answer 57

Voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 58

How does depolarization occur?

Answer 58

Voltage-gated potassium channels open up and voltage-gated sodium channels close- ca2+ rush to the extra cellular fluid

Question 59

At the end of axon, which channels do we see?

Answer 59

Ca2+ channels - influx of Ca2+ occurs

Question 60

What happens to extra neurotransmitters?

Answer 60

Degradation (acetylcholinesterase- located in dendrites of postsynaptic neuron) or reuptake

Question 61

Chemical synapses are linked together in

Answer 61

Gap junctions- were ions can diffuse to

Question 62

Chemical synapse pros and cons

Answer 62

Speeds up signal transmission but removes amplification of signals

Question 63

Sensory neurons respond to what signals

Answer 63

Thermoreceptors, baroreceptors, and photoreceptors

Question 64

(Smaller/ Larger) neurons have more area to store charge along their membranes which make them harder to depolarize

Answer 64

Larger

Question 65

Membrane resistance vs cytoplasmic resistance

Answer 65

Membrane resistance- ability to keep charges separate | Cytoplasmic resistance- how much the cytoplasm itself impedes the flow of ions

Question 66

The (smaller/ larger) the neurons, the lower the cytoplasmic resistance

Answer 66

The larger

Question 67

High membrane resistance means (effective/ ineffective) action potential transmission

Answer 67

Effective

Question 68

- lower cytoplasmic resistance - higher capacitance - faster at conducting signals - harder to depolarize

Answer 68

Larger neurons

Question 69

Myelination (increases/ decreases) capacitance

Answer 69

Decrease- increase charge separation