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Biology > Nervous System Divisions and Parts of the Brain > Flashcards

Nervous System Divisions and Parts of the Brain Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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2
Q

What protects the brain and spinal cord

A

CSF, meninges, and skull and vertebrae

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3
Q

Nerves that carry signals from periphery to CNS?

A

Afferent fibers

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4
Q

Nerves that carry signals from CNS to periphery

A

Efferent fibers

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5
Q

Clusters of cell bodies outside the CNS located along the sides of spinal cord, digestive system, and other parts of the bodies

A

Ganglia

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6
Q

Prosencephalon forms the?

A

Forebrain

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7
Q

Mesencephalon forms the?

A

Midbrain

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8
Q

Rhombencephalon forms the

A

Hindbrain

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9
Q

The prosencephalon or forebrain divides into 2

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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10
Q

The diencephalon gives rise to which organs?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, and posterior pituitary

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11
Q

The telencephalon gives rises to which organs

A

Cerebrum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia

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12
Q

Which colliculus is responsible for visual reflexes

A

Superior colliculus

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13
Q

Which colliculus is responsible for auditory reflexes

A

Inferior colliculus

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14
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, preganglionic neurons are (shorter/ longer) than postganglionic neurons

A

Longer

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15
Q

Between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which has a longer preganglionic axons

A

The parasympathetic

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16
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, preganglionic neurons are (shorter/ longer) that postganglionic neurons

A

Shorter

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17
Q

Organs targeted by a sympathetic activation respond to which neurotransmitter?

A

Norepinephrine

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18
Q

Somatosensation is processed by which part of the cerebrum

A

Primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

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19
Q

The visual pathway

A

Visual processing begins in the lateral geniculate body of thalamus and superior colliculus before ultimately being processed in the occipital lobe at the primary visual cortex

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20
Q

The auditory pathway

A

Auditory pathway is first modulated at the inferior colliculus before passing on to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus and ultimately the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

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21
Q

What is the only sensory pathway that does not pass through the thalamus

A

Olfactory

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22
Q

Gustatory pathway

A

The gustatory pathway pass through the thalamus before terminating in the gustatory cortex in the insula

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23
Q

The planning of motor control is initiated in __________ cortex and executed by the __________ _________ cortex

A

Premotor cortex ; primary motor cortex

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24
Q

The primary motor cortex is located where in the frontal lobe?

A

Precentral gyrus

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25
Q

The precentral and postcentral gyrus is located where and what does this separate?

A

Central sulcus which separates the frontal and parietal lobe

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26
Q

What are the intermediate structures in the brain that modulate electrochemical signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord?

A

Cerebellum and basal ganglia (includes substantial nigra)- this modulation helps coordinate the contractions of multiple muscle groups to unify directed movement

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27
Q

The coordination of muscle group is heavily dependent on which neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

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28
Q

Which neurotransmitter is the primary excitatory nerve transmitter in the nervous system, meaning it is responsible for neuron depolarization and Eli citation of action potentials

A

Glutamate- neurotransmitter and amino acid

29
Q

Which neurotransmitter is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning it hyperpolarizes neurons, reducing their likelihood of firing

A

GABA

30
Q

The visual pathway passes through which 2 structures before arriving at the occipital lobe?

A

Superior colliculus and lateral geniculate of the thalamus

31
Q

The auditory pathways passes through which 2 structures before being processed in the temporal lobe?

A

Medial geniculate body and inferior colliculus

32
Q

These cells provide nutrients, structure, insulation, and defense from pathogens. They also regulate the growth and pruning of neurons

A

Glial cells

33
Q

Nutrients are transformed by which glial cell

A

Astrocytes

34
Q

Which glial cells combine with epithelial cells and pericytes to form the blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

35
Q

This structure links the central nervous system to the blood supply. This is selectively permeable to only a few substances, which helps maintain a stable chemical environment for neurons

A

Blood-brain barrier

36
Q

One of the function of this glial cell is the constant, insulin independent, active transport of glucose from the blood stream. Ensuring a constant supply of glucose for neurons.

A

Astrocytes

37
Q

Insulation is provided by which glial cells in the central and peripheral nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes- CNS

Schwann cells- PNS

38
Q

2 purposes for myelination

A

Prevents cross-talk between neurons and massively speeds up transmission

39
Q

The jumping of action potential from one node to the next in a myelinated axon is known as?

A

Saltatory conduction

40
Q

The first line of defense against invaders in the CNS. They function like and are closely related to macrophages

A

Microglia

41
Q

These cells are not just the first line of defense in CNS but can also remove waste in damaged cells, prune some neurons, and could even eat away extracellular protein deposits

A

Microglia

42
Q

This fluid bathes and buffers all cells within

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

43
Q

The CSF is secreted and circulated by which cells

A

Ependymal cells- another type of glial cells

44
Q

This fluid provides a stable chemical environment and physically cushions the CNS.

A

CSF

45
Q

Which end of the neurons receive input?

A

Dendrites

46
Q

Which end of the neurons sends out signals

A

Terminal

47
Q

The gap between 2 neurons

A

Synaptic cleft

48
Q

The graded potentials travel from the dendrites and soma to the?

A

Axon hillock- where action potential begins

49
Q

Once the action potential reaches a terminal which ion channels open up resulting to influx of this ions

A

Calcium

50
Q

The influx of calcium ions result to what?

A

Exocytosis of neurotransmitters

51
Q

Sequence of parasympathetic signal conduction

A
  1. Signal originates in the brain or sacral spinal cord
  2. Action potential travels down long axon
  3. Action potential reaches ganglion
  4. Action potential travels down short axon
  5. Acetylcholine released at target tissue
52
Q

More positively charged particles on the outside of cell than inside of cell

A

Negative membrane potential

53
Q

Intracellular is more rich in which ions and poor on which ions

A

Rich in K+ and poor in Na+ , Cl-, and Ca2+

54
Q

An enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to pump 3 sodium ions at a time to the outside of a cell and bring 2 potassium ions in.

A

Na+K+ATPase

55
Q

Potentials add up if they are located close together

A

Spatial Summation

56
Q

Potentials add up is they happen in a short time

A

Temporal Summation

57
Q

What kind of channels do we find right after the axon hillock?

A

Voltage-gated sodium channels

58
Q

How does depolarization occur?

A

Voltage-gated potassium channels open up and voltage-gated sodium channels close- ca2+ rush to the extra cellular fluid

59
Q

At the end of axon, which channels do we see?

A

Ca2+ channels - influx of Ca2+ occurs

60
Q

What happens to extra neurotransmitters?

A

Degradation (acetylcholinesterase- located in dendrites of postsynaptic neuron) or reuptake

61
Q

Chemical synapses are linked together in

A

Gap junctions- were ions can diffuse to

62
Q

Chemical synapse pros and cons

A

Speeds up signal transmission but removes amplification of signals

63
Q

Sensory neurons respond to what signals

A

Thermoreceptors, baroreceptors, and photoreceptors

64
Q

(Smaller/ Larger) neurons have more area to store charge along their membranes which make them harder to depolarize

A

Larger

65
Q

Membrane resistance vs cytoplasmic resistance

A

Membrane resistance- ability to keep charges separate

Cytoplasmic resistance- how much the cytoplasm itself impedes the flow of ions

66
Q

The (smaller/ larger) the neurons, the lower the cytoplasmic resistance

A

The larger

67
Q

High membrane resistance means (effective/ ineffective) action potential transmission

A

Effective

68
Q
  • lower cytoplasmic resistance
  • higher capacitance
  • faster at conducting signals
  • harder to depolarize
A

Larger neurons

69
Q

Myelination (increases/ decreases) capacitance

A

Decrease- increase charge separation

Biology (16 decks)

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