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Biology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Saliva contains enzymes that begin to digest what macromolecule?

A

Carbohydrates and lipids

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2
Q

Saliva contains enzymes that begin to digest what macromolecule?

A

Carbohydrates and lipids

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3
Q

Which enzyme in the saliva begins the process of digesting lipid, or fats?

A

Lingual lipase

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4
Q

Which enzyme in the saliva breaks down starch into smaller oligosaccharides and disaccharides

A

Salivary amylase

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5
Q

Saliva also contains an anti microbial enzyme known as

A

Lysozyme- strong enough to kill strong bacteria but not all

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6
Q

Food turns into ________, which process down the digestive pipeline

A

Bolus

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7
Q

A fibromuscular tube through which food passes to the stomach

A

Esophagus- runs behind the trachea and pierces through the diaphragm

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8
Q

This covers the trachea to prevent food from going down the wrong pipe

A

Epiglottis

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9
Q

A bolus is moved down the esophagus by wavelike contractions of the smooth muscle lining known as

A

Peristalsis

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10
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as

A

The cardiac sphincter

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11
Q

This acts as a gate and blocks the contents of the stomach from rising into the esophagus

A

Lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter

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12
Q

This acts as a gate and blocks the contents of the stomach from rising into the esophagus

A

Lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter

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13
Q

What is damaged or not working right when someone has gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD (heart burn)

A

Lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter

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14
Q

The parietal cells of the stomach secrete what?

A

Gastric acid

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15
Q

This is composed of hydrochloride acids and various salts

A

Gastric acid

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16
Q

The gastric acid maintain the pH of the stomach between?

A

1.5 and 3.5- pretty acidic

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17
Q

The chief cells of the stomach secrete an enzyme called?

A

Pepsinogen- inactive precursor of pepsin

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18
Q

This does most of the protein digestion

A

Pepsin

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19
Q

Pepsinogen is cleaved in acidic conditions to?

A

Pepsin- active form of the enzyme

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20
Q

Pepsinogen is an example of what?

A

Zymogens- inactive precursors of enzymes

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21
Q

The stomach produces intrinsic factor which is necessary to absorb what?

A

Vitamin B12

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22
Q

This cell type helps protect the stomach form itself

A

Mucous epithelial cells

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23
Q

This produce bicarbonate-rich mucus that neutralizes gastric acid at the lining of the stomach, providing some protection from the acidic interior

A

Mucous epithelial cells

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24
Q

This type of bacteria flourish in the acidic environment of the stomach. Most people never experience symptoms

A

H. Pylori

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25
Q

What is the top, middle, and bottom portions of the stomach called?

A

Fundus, cardia or body, and pylorus, respectively

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26
Q

An acidic mixture of semi-digested food and gastric juices

A

Chyme

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27
Q

How is food pushed down through the small intestine?

A

Through peristalsis

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28
Q

The three parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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29
Q

The entrance of chyme into the duodenum trigger a release of hormones such as

A

Secretin and cholecystokinin

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30
Q

This hormone stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme once the chyme enters the small intestine

A

Secretin

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31
Q

This hormone stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder

A

Cholecystokinin or CKK

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32
Q

Small sac that is responsible for storing bile

A

Gallbladder

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33
Q

Bile is produced in what organ

A

Liver

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34
Q

This is a yellow-green fluid that contains bile salts, which facilitate fat absorption

A

Bile

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35
Q

These are components of the bile that is amphipathic, containing both polar and nonpolar regions

A

Bile salts

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36
Q

The nonpolar regions of bile salts associate with

A

Triglycerides

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37
Q

The polar regions of bile salts associate with ________, which forming spherical micelles that emulsify lipids in an aqueous environment

A

Water

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38
Q

What is lipid emulsification

A

Breakdown of lipids, exposing the fear eaters amount of surface are to water-soluble lipase enzymes and facilitates absorption by enterocytes

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39
Q

T or F. Bile salts are enzymes.

A

False. They do not catalyze chemical rxns

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40
Q

A system of blood vessels with a capillary bed at each end. Give example

A

Portal system

Ex. Hepatic portal system and hypophyseal portal system

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41
Q

Tasks of liver

A

Secretes bile, detoxifies compounds, metabolizes drugs and medications, stores glycogen and triglycerides, mobilizes glucose and fatty acids

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42
Q

Digestive enzymes that the pancreas release upon entrance of chyme into the small intestine

A

Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, proteases

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43
Q

The pancreatic digestive enzyme work best at what pH?

A

6.5 - 8.5

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44
Q

Pancreas exocrine function

A

Secretes enzymes through pancreatic duct

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45
Q

Pancreas endocrine function

A

Releases hormones into bloodstream (ex. Insulin)

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46
Q

Secreted by enterocytes in the brush border. These include disaccharidases and peptidases.

A

Brush border enzymes

47
Q

The intestinal epithelial cells will only absorb molecules when

A

They are at their smallest units

48
Q

Smallest of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

A

Monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids

49
Q

Undigested material from the small intestine will be passed on to

A

Large intestine

50
Q

Large intestine is subdivided into?

A

Cecum, colon, and rectum

51
Q

The sphincter between ileum and cecum

A

Ileocecal sphincter

52
Q

What is attached to the large intestine and is thought to be a vestigial organ?

A

Appendix

53
Q

A term to describe an organ that no longer serves any biological purpose

A

Vestigial organ

54
Q

A reservoir for healthy gut bacteria

A

Appendix

55
Q

The 3 segments of the colon

A

Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon

56
Q

Sphincter between the rectum and anus

A

Anal sphincter

57
Q

Main purpose of colon

A

Absorb water from chyme converting it into solid feces

58
Q

What organ does the laxative usually affect?

A

Large intestine by interfering with water absorption

59
Q

Why are laxatives not effective on weight loss but great for constipation?

A

It only affects the large intestine whose main job is to absorb water but has limited contribution to nutritional absorption

60
Q

The largest community of bacteria in the human body is hosted where? And what is it called

A

Large intestine ; gut flora (microbiota)

61
Q

The gut flor bacteria in the large intestine synthesize what vitamins

A

B7 and K

62
Q

What is vitamin B7 commonly known as

A

Biotin

63
Q

What is vitamin K essential for?

A

Blood coagulation

64
Q

Main components of feces

A

Water and indigestible material (mostly cellulose)

65
Q

Pathology:

Affect bile production and lipid digestion which cause more fat excreted in feces

A

Liver dysfunction

66
Q

More fat in feces is known as

A

Steatorrhea

67
Q

A hormone secreted by fat cells that help surpass appetite

A

Leptin

68
Q

A hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas and upper stomach when the stomach is empty and stimulates appetite

A

Ghrelin

69
Q

Hunger hormone

A

Ghrelin

70
Q

Weight loss method:

Removal of the cells in the upper stomach that secrete Ghrelin to dampen hunger signals

A

Gastric bypass surgery

71
Q

What produces the hormone gastrin

A

G cells in the stomach

72
Q

This hormone tells the parietal cells when to produce gastric acid - this way acid production can be modulated rather than remain at constitutively high levels

A

Gastrin

73
Q

When acidic chyme reaches the small intestine, S cells in the duodenum release what hormone

A

Secretin

74
Q

This hormone that is released by the cells in the duodenum also inhibits appetite

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

75
Q

This hormone puts the brakes on all pro-digestion hormones, stalls stomach emptying, and halts release of pancreatic hormones

A

Somatostatin

76
Q

This hormone is also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
*useful treatment for gigantism

A

Somatostatin

77
Q

These macromolecules maintain cellular membranes and is used as energy storage

A

Lipids

78
Q

Sucrose digest what into what

A

Sucrose into glucose and fructose

79
Q

Maltase digest what into what

A

Maltose into 2 glucose

80
Q

Lactase digest what into what

A

Lactose into glucose and galactose

81
Q

The sodium glucose symporter is an example or primary or secondary active transport

A

Secondary. It is dependent on the primary active transport sodium-potassium ATPase

82
Q

Pepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds by

A

It targets sites between hydrophobic or aromatic amino acids, meaning that it has enough specificity to clave proteins into shorter peptides without completely digesting them into amino acid level

83
Q

In the small intestine. Trypsinogen is leaved by what enzyme in order to activate it into trypsin

A

Enteropeptidase

84
Q

Trypsin cleaves peptide bonds adjacent to what 2 amino acids

A

Lysine and arginine

85
Q

Premature activation of digestive enzymes in the pancreas would?

A

Digest and damage the pancreas, resulting to pancreatitis

86
Q

Monomeric sugars and amino acids are more hydrophobic or hydrophilic?`

A

Hydrophilic - readily dissolves in aqueous environment of intestinal lumen

87
Q

Triglycerides are broken into what 2 things by lipase enzymes

A

Fatty acids and monoglyceride components

88
Q

Bile is composed of what 3 things?

A

Bile salts, pigments, and cholesterol

89
Q

In the cytoplasm, fatty acids combine with monoglycerides to form triglycerides, which are then packaged into

A

Chylomicrons

90
Q

These are fat droplets containing both lipid and protein

A

Chylomicron

91
Q

T or F. Do chylomicrons diffused into the bloodstream

A

False. They diffuse into lacteals, small lymphatic vessels that drain into larger lymphatic vessels before emptying into venous circulation

92
Q

Often serves as enzymes for essential biological processes

A

`Vitamins

93
Q

What are lipid-soluble or fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K

94
Q

Which are water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

95
Q

This type of vitamins circulate easily in the blood are easily excreted which means it is practically impossible to take too much of these vitamins as excess amount will just be secreted in the urine

A

Water-soluble

96
Q

This type of vitamins accumulate in adipose or fat tissue

A

Lipid-soluble

97
Q

A couple of B vitamins are stored where

A

Liver

98
Q

Taking too much of this type of vitamins may result in unwanted consequences

A

Fat soluble vitamins

99
Q

Too much vitamin A from carrots can cause what

A

Orange color skin

100
Q

This vitamin is also known as retinol is essential for vision, as it interacts with ops in to form a protein known as rhodopsin

A

Vitamin A

101
Q

Rhodopsin is present in the _____ of the retina and is used for what vision

A

Rods ; low-light vision

102
Q

This vitamin acts as a hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate concentrations in the bloodstream. It also increases absorption of calcium, phosphate, and other minerals

A

Vitamin D

103
Q

This vitamin Chan be synthesized in the skin from exposure to UV radiation

A

Vitamin D

104
Q

2 major form of vitamin D that are converted into the biologically active form known as

A

Calcitriol

105
Q

Synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine and essential for blood coagulation

A

Vitamin k

106
Q

Scurvy is due to deficiency in

A

Vitamin C

107
Q

This vitamin is required for collagen synthesis and enough consumption of this vitamin can prevent scury

A

Vitamin C

108
Q

Organic molecules containing lots of carbon-hydrogen bonds (minerals/ vitamins)

A

Vitamins

109
Q

Inorganic molecules required but not synthesized by the body and therefore, must be obtained in the diet

A

Minerals

Ex. Metal ions

110
Q

Two categories of minerals

A

Macrominerals and trace minerals

111
Q

These type of minerals include main ions needed in the body and are required in significant amounts. Give examples

A

`macrominerals ; Ca2+, Na+, K+

112
Q

These type of minerals are only needed in trace amounts. Give examples

A

Trace minerals ; Fe2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+

113
Q

These play vital roles as cofactors in many biological processes, like the role of calcium in muscle contraction

A

Minerals

Biology (16 decks)

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