Digestive system Flashcards
1
Q
Saliva contains enzymes that begin to digest what macromolecule?
A
Carbohydrates and lipids
2
Q
Saliva contains enzymes that begin to digest what macromolecule?
A
Carbohydrates and lipids
3
Q
Which enzyme in the saliva begins the process of digesting lipid, or fats?
A
Lingual lipase
4
Q
Which enzyme in the saliva breaks down starch into smaller oligosaccharides and disaccharides
A
Salivary amylase
5
Q
Saliva also contains an anti microbial enzyme known as
A
Lysozyme- strong enough to kill strong bacteria but not all
6
Q
Food turns into ________, which process down the digestive pipeline
A
Bolus
7
Q
A fibromuscular tube through which food passes to the stomach
A
Esophagus- runs behind the trachea and pierces through the diaphragm
8
Q
This covers the trachea to prevent food from going down the wrong pipe
A
Epiglottis
9
Q
A bolus is moved down the esophagus by wavelike contractions of the smooth muscle lining known as
A
Peristalsis
10
Q
The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as
A
The cardiac sphincter
11
Q
This acts as a gate and blocks the contents of the stomach from rising into the esophagus
A
Lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter
12
Q
This acts as a gate and blocks the contents of the stomach from rising into the esophagus
A
Lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter
13
Q
What is damaged or not working right when someone has gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD (heart burn)
A
Lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter
14
Q
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete what?
A
Gastric acid
15
Q
This is composed of hydrochloride acids and various salts
A
Gastric acid
16
Q
The gastric acid maintain the pH of the stomach between?
A
1.5 and 3.5- pretty acidic
17
Q
The chief cells of the stomach secrete an enzyme called?
A
Pepsinogen- inactive precursor of pepsin
18
Q
This does most of the protein digestion
A
Pepsin
19
Q
Pepsinogen is cleaved in acidic conditions to?
A
Pepsin- active form of the enzyme
20
Q
Pepsinogen is an example of what?
A
Zymogens- inactive precursors of enzymes
21
Q
The stomach produces intrinsic factor which is necessary to absorb what?
A
Vitamin B12
22
Q
This cell type helps protect the stomach form itself
A
Mucous epithelial cells
23
Q
This produce bicarbonate-rich mucus that neutralizes gastric acid at the lining of the stomach, providing some protection from the acidic interior
A
Mucous epithelial cells
24
Q
This type of bacteria flourish in the acidic environment of the stomach. Most people never experience symptoms
A
H. Pylori
25
What is the top, middle, and bottom portions of the stomach called?
Fundus, cardia or body, and pylorus, respectively
26
An acidic mixture of semi-digested food and gastric juices
Chyme
27
How is food pushed down through the small intestine?
Through peristalsis
28
The three parts of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
29
The entrance of chyme into the duodenum trigger a release of hormones such as
Secretin and cholecystokinin
30
This hormone stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme once the chyme enters the small intestine
Secretin
31
This hormone stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder
Cholecystokinin or CKK
32
Small sac that is responsible for storing bile
Gallbladder
33
Bile is produced in what organ
Liver
34
This is a yellow-green fluid that contains bile salts, which facilitate fat absorption
Bile
35
These are components of the bile that is amphipathic, containing both polar and nonpolar regions
Bile salts
36
The nonpolar regions of bile salts associate with
Triglycerides
37
The polar regions of bile salts associate with ________, which forming spherical micelles that emulsify lipids in an aqueous environment
Water
38
What is lipid emulsification
Breakdown of lipids, exposing the fear eaters amount of surface are to water-soluble lipase enzymes and facilitates absorption by enterocytes
39
T or F. Bile salts are enzymes.
False. They do not catalyze chemical rxns
40
A system of blood vessels with a capillary bed at each end. Give example
Portal system
| Ex. Hepatic portal system and hypophyseal portal system
41
Tasks of liver
Secretes bile, detoxifies compounds, metabolizes drugs and medications, stores glycogen and triglycerides, mobilizes glucose and fatty acids
42
Digestive enzymes that the pancreas release upon entrance of chyme into the small intestine
Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, proteases
43
The pancreatic digestive enzyme work best at what pH?
6.5 - 8.5
44
Pancreas exocrine function
Secretes enzymes through pancreatic duct
45
Pancreas endocrine function
Releases hormones into bloodstream (ex. Insulin)
46
Secreted by enterocytes in the brush border. These include disaccharidases and peptidases.
Brush border enzymes
47
The intestinal epithelial cells will only absorb molecules when
They are at their smallest units
48
Smallest of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
Monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids
49
Undigested material from the small intestine will be passed on to
Large intestine
50
Large intestine is subdivided into?
Cecum, colon, and rectum
51
The sphincter between ileum and cecum
Ileocecal sphincter
52
What is attached to the large intestine and is thought to be a vestigial organ?
Appendix
53
A term to describe an organ that no longer serves any biological purpose
Vestigial organ
54
A reservoir for healthy gut bacteria
Appendix
55
The 3 segments of the colon
Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
56
Sphincter between the rectum and anus
Anal sphincter
57
Main purpose of colon
Absorb water from chyme converting it into solid feces
58
What organ does the laxative usually affect?
Large intestine by interfering with water absorption
59
Why are laxatives not effective on weight loss but great for constipation?
It only affects the large intestine whose main job is to absorb water but has limited contribution to nutritional absorption
60
The largest community of bacteria in the human body is hosted where? And what is it called
Large intestine ; gut flora (microbiota)
61
The gut flor bacteria in the large intestine synthesize what vitamins
B7 and K
62
What is vitamin B7 commonly known as
Biotin
63
What is vitamin K essential for?
Blood coagulation
64
Main components of feces
Water and indigestible material (mostly cellulose)
65
Pathology:
| Affect bile production and lipid digestion which cause more fat excreted in feces
Liver dysfunction
66
More fat in feces is known as
Steatorrhea
67
A hormone secreted by fat cells that help surpass appetite
Leptin
68
A hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas and upper stomach when the stomach is empty and stimulates appetite
Ghrelin
69
Hunger hormone
Ghrelin
70
Weight loss method:
| Removal of the cells in the upper stomach that secrete Ghrelin to dampen hunger signals
Gastric bypass surgery
71
What produces the hormone gastrin
G cells in the stomach
72
This hormone tells the parietal cells when to produce gastric acid - this way acid production can be modulated rather than remain at constitutively high levels
Gastrin
73
When acidic chyme reaches the small intestine, S cells in the duodenum release what hormone
Secretin
74
This hormone that is released by the cells in the duodenum also inhibits appetite
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
75
This hormone puts the brakes on all pro-digestion hormones, stalls stomach emptying, and halts release of pancreatic hormones
Somatostatin
76
This hormone is also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
*useful treatment for gigantism
Somatostatin
77
These macromolecules maintain cellular membranes and is used as energy storage
Lipids
78
Sucrose digest what into what
Sucrose into glucose and fructose
79
Maltase digest what into what
Maltose into 2 glucose
80
Lactase digest what into what
Lactose into glucose and galactose
81
The sodium glucose symporter is an example or primary or secondary active transport
Secondary. It is dependent on the primary active transport sodium-potassium ATPase
82
Pepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds by
It targets sites between hydrophobic or aromatic amino acids, meaning that it has enough specificity to clave proteins into shorter peptides without completely digesting them into amino acid level
83
In the small intestine. Trypsinogen is leaved by what enzyme in order to activate it into trypsin
Enteropeptidase
84
Trypsin cleaves peptide bonds adjacent to what 2 amino acids
Lysine and arginine
85
Premature activation of digestive enzymes in the pancreas would?
Digest and damage the pancreas, resulting to pancreatitis
86
Monomeric sugars and amino acids are more hydrophobic or hydrophilic?`
Hydrophilic - readily dissolves in aqueous environment of intestinal lumen
87
Triglycerides are broken into what 2 things by lipase enzymes
Fatty acids and monoglyceride components
88
Bile is composed of what 3 things?
Bile salts, pigments, and cholesterol
89
In the cytoplasm, fatty acids combine with monoglycerides to form triglycerides, which are then packaged into
Chylomicrons
90
These are fat droplets containing both lipid and protein
Chylomicron
91
T or F. Do chylomicrons diffused into the bloodstream
False. They diffuse into lacteals, small lymphatic vessels that drain into larger lymphatic vessels before emptying into venous circulation
92
Often serves as enzymes for essential biological processes
`Vitamins
93
What are lipid-soluble or fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K
94
Which are water soluble vitamins
B and C
95
This type of vitamins circulate easily in the blood are easily excreted which means it is practically impossible to take too much of these vitamins as excess amount will just be secreted in the urine
Water-soluble
96
This type of vitamins accumulate in adipose or fat tissue
Lipid-soluble
97
A couple of B vitamins are stored where
Liver
98
Taking too much of this type of vitamins may result in unwanted consequences
Fat soluble vitamins
99
Too much vitamin A from carrots can cause what
Orange color skin
100
This vitamin is also known as retinol is essential for vision, as it interacts with ops in to form a protein known as rhodopsin
Vitamin A
101
Rhodopsin is present in the _____ of the retina and is used for what vision
Rods ; low-light vision
102
This vitamin acts as a hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate concentrations in the bloodstream. It also increases absorption of calcium, phosphate, and other minerals
Vitamin D
103
This vitamin Chan be synthesized in the skin from exposure to UV radiation
Vitamin D
104
2 major form of vitamin D that are converted into the biologically active form known as
Calcitriol
105
Synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine and essential for blood coagulation
Vitamin k
106
Scurvy is due to deficiency in
Vitamin C
107
This vitamin is required for collagen synthesis and enough consumption of this vitamin can prevent scury
Vitamin C
108
Organic molecules containing lots of carbon-hydrogen bonds (minerals/ vitamins)
Vitamins
109
Inorganic molecules required but not synthesized by the body and therefore, must be obtained in the diet
Minerals
| Ex. Metal ions
110
Two categories of minerals
Macrominerals and trace minerals
111
These type of minerals include main ions needed in the body and are required in significant amounts. Give examples
`macrominerals ; Ca2+, Na+, K+
112
These type of minerals are only needed in trace amounts. Give examples
Trace minerals ; Fe2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+
113
These play vital roles as cofactors in many biological processes, like the role of calcium in muscle contraction
Minerals
