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Biology > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Similar to tRNA, which other RNA has a characteristic hairpin loop

A

microRNA (miRNA)

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2
Q

Both the siRNA and miRNA have approximately how many nucleotides in length

A

22

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3
Q

Which RNAs silence genes by interrupting expression between trasncription and translation

A

siRNA and miRNA

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4
Q

These RNA sequence are transcribed from enhancer regions of the DNA and appear to be associated with increased transcriptional activity

A 
Enhance RNA (erNA)
*a very new area of research and its physiological function has not been conclusively determined yet
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5
Q

A disease in which gene expression is abnormal

A

Cancer

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6
Q

Term for teh development of cancer

A

Oncogenesis

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7
Q

This term describes any abnormal proliferation of cells

A

Tumor

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8
Q

These tumors remain localized

A

Benign tumors

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9
Q

These tumors can invade other organs and tissues in the body

A

Malignant tumors

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10
Q

The process in which malignant tumors invade and spread around the body

A

Metastasize

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11
Q

The first step in oncogenesis which involves changes that allow a single cell to proliferate abnormally

A

Tumor initiation- this means that teh cell must envelop the ability to bypass regulatory steps of the cycle that normally help to restrain mitotic proliferation

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12
Q

Occurs as a cell develops the ability to proliferate even more aggressively, such that its descendants are preferentially selected for and come to predominate teh growing tumor.

A

Tumor progression

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13
Q

Malignant cells often undergo mutations allowing them to secrete ________ _______ to stimulate their own growth, ___________ that digest components of the extracellular matrix and favor metastasis, and __________ _________ that promote the formation of new blood vessels to feed the growing tumor

A

Growth factors; proteases; growth factors

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14
Q

Formation of blood vessels

A

Angiogenesis

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15
Q

Oncogenesis is associated with mutations that occur by random chance or as a result of mutagenic compounds known as

A

Carcinogens

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16
Q

Compounds that help induce the growth of proliferative cells by stimulating the activity of proteins involved in growth and division

A

Tumor promoters

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17
Q

The genes involved in oncogenesis can be divided into?

A

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

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18
Q

These function to promote abnormal growth and proliferation, leading to cancer

A

Oncogenes

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19
Q

These genes function to prevent tumorigenic properties

A

Tumor suppressor genes

20
Q

Cancer- causing viruses. Give examples

A

Tumor viruses

Ex. Hepatitis B and C, papilloma viruses, Epstein-Barr virus

21
Q

This tumor invades through the basement membrane and may spread to other tissues and organs

A

Malignant tumor

22
Q

T or F. Benign tumors can be fatal.

A

True. It can press on nerves or blood vessels. Benign tumors can certainly be fatal

23
Q

Tumorigenesis starts from just one cell that is able to bypass normal ________ _________ ____________ and begin to divide abnormally

A

Cell cycle checkpoints

24
Q

T or F. Tumor usually starts with an accumulation of mutations in critical genes that together allow a mutinous cell to divide when it shouldn’t evading normals controls on cell division and growth.

A

True

25
Q

De novo mutations during DNA replication occur what rate

A

1 error / 100,000 bp (but proofreading enzymes catches 99% of these errors)
Overall rate: 1 / 10,000,000

26
Q

What tissues are prone to cancer?

A

Tissues that divide frequently such as epithelial tissues, liver, or digestive tract
*cancer is less likely to occur in cells that divide infrequently such as neurons

27
Q

Most of the brain tumors are __________ or _________ from other parts of the body

A

Gliomas, metastases

28
Q

Mutagenic agents that can cause cancer. Give examples

A

Carcinogens

Ex. Chemical mutagens, radiation (X-rays, gamma rays)

29
Q

UV radiation is known to produce what kind of mutation?

A

Pyrimidine dimers - could result to lasting DNA damage

30
Q

Characterized by highly dysregulated genes expression, favoring the synthesis of RNA and proteins that promote the growth and survival of the tumor

A

Cancer

31
Q

Mutant genes promoting abnormal cell growth leading to cancer

A

Oncogenes

32
Q

Genes protecting against abnormal cell growth whose impaired function can promote cancer

A

Tumor suppressor genes

33
Q

The non mutated oncogenes are

A

Proto-oncogene

34
Q

Oncogenes tend to occur to those that code for

A

Growth factors, growth factor receptors,transcription factors, protein kinases, other signaling molecules- especially those that play a role in cell growth and differentiation
*they are also found in cancer-causing viruses

35
Q

Cancer-causing viruses do what?

A

They either insert oncogenes directly or upregulate existing proto-oncogenes in the host genome

36
Q

Hepatitis B and C causes what cancer

A

Liver cancer

37
Q

Papilloma viruses cause what kind of cancer

A

Cervical and anogenital cancers

38
Q

Epstein-Barr virus cause what kind of cancer

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

39
Q

TP53 gene

A

Encodes the p53 tumor suppressor protein
Known as the “guardian of the genome”
*if downregulated or nonfunctional, damages can evade checkpoints and mutations can propagate through generations

40
Q

Mutations in p53 have been implicated in atleast _________ percent of human cancers

A

50

41
Q

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2

A

Play important roles in repairing DNA damage

-mutations in these genes are heritable and are associated with greatly increased risks of breast and ovarian cancer

42
Q

BRCA 1/2 genes mutations in females are associated with up to ________ percent risk of developing breast cancer by age 90. As well as increased risk of ovarian and other cancers

A

80%

43
Q

These genes are associated with proliferation, bypass of cell cycle checkpoints, and avoidance of DNA repair

A

Oncogenes

44
Q

These genes limits on mitosis, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair

A

Tumor Suppressor genes

45
Q

_________ of oncogenes or ________ of tumor suppressor genes

A

Activation; dysfunction

46
Q

Why do anti-mitotic chemotherapeutic agents commonly cause gastrointestinal side effects

A

Cells of the GI tract experience a high rate of turnover

Biology (16 decks)

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