Reproductive PP Flashcards
what is reproduction
the process by which genetic material is passed from generation to generation, ensuring continuation of species
what does reproduction involve
Production of gametes (sperm & eggs)
Bring together of gametes for fertilization
what is the role of the male in repoduction
produce sperm
introduce sperm into the female body
male is more anatomically complex
what is the role of the female in reproduction
produce ova (eggs) receive sperm and provide for union of the gametes harbor an embryo/fetus and give birth nourish offspring female is more physiologically complex
what are sex organs called
gonads
what are the primary sex organs
testes and ovaries
what is the endocrine function of reproduction
Produce sex cells (gametes
what is the exocrine function of reproduction
Secrete sex hormones
what are the secondary reproductive organs
everything else related to production (ducts, glands, and external genitalia)
what are the ducts of the reproductive system
tubes that transport, receive, and store gametes and associated fluid
particularly extensive in the male
what are accessory glands
gametes don’t actually pass through them but very important in reproduction
how do accessory glands help males
produce materials that support the gametes (liquid portion of semen)
how do accessory glands help females
provide lubrication for intercourse
what are the male gonads and what do they produce
Testes (within the scrotum) produce sperm & secrete testosterone
what are the ducts through which sperm is carried to the outside
Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra
what are the accessory glands of males
Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands… empty secretions into the ducts during ejaculation
what does semen contain
Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions Contains nutrients (fructose)
how is semen beneficial
protects and activates sperm, and facilitates their movement (e.g., relaxin)
what do the prostaglandins in semen do
Decrease the viscosity of mucus in the cervix
Stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus
what in the semen neutralizes the acid in the male urethra and female vagina
alkalinity
what do the primary sex organs of females produce
Ovaries produce ova (eggs) and secrete estrogen & progesterone
what are the accessory organs of females
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
what does gamete formation involve
meiosis
what occurs in meiosis
Nuclear division in the gonads in which the number of chromosomes is halved
Two consecutive cell divisions (meiosis I andII) following one round of DNA replication
what does meiosis produce
four daughter cells
Introduces genetic variation
Sequence of events that produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
End product is four gametes
Spermatogenesis
when does Spermatogenesis begin
Process begins at puberty and continues throughout life… 400 million per day!
how much cytoplasm does sperm have
very little
where does spermatogenesis occur
Occurs in seminiferous tubules of testes
what are primitive sperm cells
Spermatogonia
at puberty what does FSH cause
spermatogonium to produce one spermatogonium and one primary spermatocyte
what does primary spermatocyte undergo
meiosis I (2nn) to produce secondary spermatocytes
what does secondary spermatocyte undergo
meiosis II to produce produces spermatids
what is spermiogenesis
Strips away the extra cytoplasm
Converts spermatid to motile, streamlined sperm
Production of female gametes in the ovaries
oogenesis
end product of oogenesis
1 functional gamete (and 3 polar bodies)
when does oogenesis occur
in the fetal period…female has all eggs she will ever have by the time she is born (2 million)
describe ova(eggs)
are large cells with a lot of cytoplasm
what influence development of ova in ovaries
Gonadotropic hormones
