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pharmacology > Reproductive physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive physiology Flashcards

1
Q

how do we determine the sex of an individual ?

A

The chromosomal makeup determines it genetically , ( XX or XY) , this leads to behavioural characteristics. The gonadal ovaries and testes also play a role and this is phenotypic. Also the genital of males and females is external and this plays a role.

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2
Q

interstitial cells ?

A

also called Leydif cells produce testosterone in the presence of luteinising hormone (LH).

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3
Q

seminiferous epithelium tissue ?

A

is where germ cells proliferate , undergo meiosis and differentiate into spermatozoa.

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4
Q

seminiferous tubules ?

A

produce sperm, maintain sperm, and store the sperm.

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5
Q

FUNCTION OF THE TESTES ?

A

include gametogenesis which is what produces spermatozoa. Also the endocrine releases androgens , oestrogen’s and inhibin.

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6
Q

cells that spermatogenesis occurs in ?

A

the sertoli cells

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7
Q

what does the sertoli cells produce at the top , far away from the lumen ?

A

produces spermatogonia

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8
Q

what does this become ?

A

primary spermatocyte which then becomes secondary spermatocyte.

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9
Q

what is produced next

A

spermatid is produced which undergoes spermiogenesis and the spermatozoa is produced which include the flagellum.

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10
Q

function of the Sertoli cells ?

A

one of which includes a barrier function to the blood/seminiferous epithelium. Endocrine function is the inhibin , oestrogens , MIF and AMF ( anti – Mullerian factor). Also the Sertoli nourish the sperm. The paracrine function is that they produce growth factors , androgen binding factors. They clear defective cells as phagocytosis occurs.

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11
Q

optimum temp for spermatogenesis ?

A

34 degrees Celsius which is 2 – 3 below body at 37. This is determined by the function of the scrotum and blood supply. Also the action of various hormones are required.

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12
Q

how is the scrotum adapted for heat lose ?

A

large surface area and abundant sweat glands.

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13
Q

muscle in scrotum ?

A

cremaster and dartos

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14
Q

blood supply to testes ?

A

artery and pampiniform plexus

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15
Q

where does the counter current heat exchange occur ?

A

the testes

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16
Q

development of testes ?

A

develop intra abdominally and descend into the scrotum before birth.

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17
Q

what is cryptochidism ?

A

failure of testes to descend into scrotum , this is sterility

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18
Q

what does gonadotrophin releasing hormone cause to be produced ?

A

FSH and LH which in turn cause testosterone to be produced.

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19
Q

name the male sex hormones ?

A

testosterone , oestradiol and dihydrotestosterone are all steroid hormones.

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20
Q

what are androgens required for ?

A

development of external genitalia ,secondary sexual characteristics , ducts and glands and also for spermatogenesis

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21
Q

vas deferens ?

A

tiny muscular tube that carries sperm form the epididymis to the ejaculatory gland

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22
Q

ejaculatory duct ?

A

formed where the vas deferens join together

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23
Q

epidymdimus ?

A

tube that connects a testicle to a vas deferens , where sperm mature fully.

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24
Q

seminal vesicles ?

A

pair of simple tubular glands that secretes a fluid that partly composes sperm , adds sugar to the mix.

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25
Q

prostate ?

A

surrounds the urethra , it produces a thick white fluid that combines with sperm to create semen

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26
Q

bulbourethral gland ?

A

adds fluids to sperm during the process of ejaculation.

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27
Q

name some secondary sexual characteristics ?

A

male pattern baldness , aggressiveness , enlarged larynx which causes a deeper voice , muscle mass as well as facial hair , body hair and pubic hair.

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28
Q

what do androgens cause ?

A

masculinisation of the male foetus.

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29
Q

in the early reproductive system of the foetus what are the 2 types of ducts ?

A

Mullerian which is the female duct and Wolffian which is the male ducts.

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30
Q

describe how male progression occurs ?

A

the Y chromosome releases testis determining factor which targets the gonads around day 42 , the testis. This causes MIF or AMF ( anti -Mullerian factor) to be released and there is Mullerian duct regression. The testis then release androgens around day 65-84 and this causes male external genitalia as the male ducts develop.

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31
Q

describe how there could be failure of the foetal testis development ?

A

due to no androgen secretion or there is no androgen receptor. This causes the external genitalia to develop along the female lines.

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32
Q

what does the gonadotrophin releasing hormone cause ?

A

anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH

33
Q

Leuitinising hormone ?

A

causes the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone.

34
Q

FSH ?

A

stimulates testicular growth.

35
Q

positive feedback ?

A

testosterone produced then has a feedback loop to the GnRH as well as the inhibin released from the Sertoli cells

36
Q

when does early oogenesis occur in females ?

A

in the foetus whereas in contrast to spermatogenesis which occurs later on in life

37
Q

cycle of lower animals ?

A

oestrous cycle

38
Q

higher primates cycle ?

A

menstrual cycle

39
Q

menopause ?

A

halts the menstrual cycle however , in males it can continue throughout adult life.

40
Q

average length of human menstrual cycle ?

A

28.1 days

41
Q

normal range ?

A

26-35 days

42
Q

menstrual phase occur when ?

A

days 1 to 5

43
Q

follicular phase ?

A

5 to 12

44
Q

luteal ?

A

12 to 28

45
Q

ovulation ?

A

14th day

46
Q

how is the menstrual cycle controlled ?

A

by hormones

47
Q

ovarian events ?

A

follicle development , ovulation and corpus luteum development.

48
Q

uterine events ?

A

endometrium , cervix and motility.

49
Q

how many oocytes at birth ?

A

2 to 4 million which are arrested in meiosis , first division

50
Q

how many around puberty ?

A

400,000

51
Q

what occurs to the number as you increase in age ?

A

it decreases

52
Q

what does the oogonium become ?

A

primary oocyte with 46 chromosomes

53
Q

ovulation ?

A

secondary oocye forms and it excretes the extra material as first polar body so that it contains 23 chromosomes

54
Q

what is the primary oocyte surrounded by

A

granulosa , which becomes the theca.

55
Q

what is the function of the theca and granulosa cells ?

A

produce oestrogens ,estradiol and estriol in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

56
Q

what does the primary follicle become ?

A

graafian follicle , which provides the maturation environment of the oocyte.

57
Q

cumulus oophorous ?

A

then forms which has the appearance of multiple granulosa cells that are enlarged surrounding the developing oocyte.

58
Q

ovulation ?

A

releases egg

59
Q

corpus luteum ?

A

is a mass of cells that form in the ovary and it is responsible for the production of progesterone which ends ovulation.

60
Q

progesterone ?

A

is responsible for thickening the lining of the uterus

61
Q

corpus albicans ?

A

is the regressed form of the corpus luteum that is being broken down by macrophages.

62
Q

is it one follicle that develops each month ?

A

no several but only one reaches maturity ( dominant follicle) and the rest undergo atresia , degeneration of those ovarian follicles which do not ovulate during the menstrual cycle.

63
Q

does the corpus luteum have a pre determined life span ?

A

yes starts to degenerate around day 23 if a blastocyst does not implant.

64
Q

myometrium ?

A

middle lining of the uterine wall

65
Q

what occurs during the follicular phase ?

A

the endometrium thickens and the glands grow , the blood vessels grow and spiral arteries form.

66
Q

luteal phase ?

A

the thickening of the endometrium declines and the glands branch and secrete.

67
Q

menstrual phase ?

A

The spiral arteries constrict and this causes the inner endometrium to become ischaemic , loss of blood supply and the tissue dies. The blood and the necrotic tissue is then shed via the vagina. This occurs progressively across the endometrium over several days.

68
Q

changes in the cervix ?

A

The cervix has a thin , watery secretion around the time of ovulation as this allows the sperm to penetrate. However , this becomes thick and tenacious in the luteal phase to inhibit sperm penetration.

69
Q

changes in uterine motility ?

A

Uterine peristaltic contractions occurs , the movement in the follicular phase is from the cervix towards the fallopian tubes. The contractions increase as the follicular phase progresses. The contractions decrease during the luteal phase and increase again during the menstrual phase.

70
Q

when is oestrogen released and function ?

A

during the follicular phase and and this causes endometrial development , cervical mucus and contractions to increase

71
Q

when is progesterone released and function ?

A

during luteal phase which causes gland development and secretion , cervical mucus and the contractions to decrease.

72
Q

when is there a decreased secretion of oestrogen and progesterone ?

A

in menstrual phase

73
Q

what leads to the endometrial being shed ?

A

the constriction of the spiral arteries

74
Q

where is gonadotrophin releasing hormone released from and effects ?

A

the anterior pituitary and this causes FSH and LH to be released which causes the ovaries to be stimulated and oestradiol inhibin and oestradiol are released.

75
Q

FSH and LH cause specifically from the ovaries ?

A

release of oestradiol – 17 beta

76
Q

what does oestradiol 17 beta cause ?

A

stimulates and controls the development and maintenance of the sex characteristics.

77
Q

what are the thecal cells stimulated by and whayt does this cause ?

A

stimulated by LH ad this causes them to release androgens. These then stimulate the granulosa cells along with FSH

78
Q

what are the androgens converted to and what by ?

A

oestrogens by the aromatase enzyme

pharmacology (21 decks)

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