Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pharmacology > autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the CNS composed of ?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how is the CNS seperated from the PNS ?

A

the blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do the afferent neurons convey ?

A

information from the sensory receptors at the periphery to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do the motor efferent neurons carry signals from and where to ?

A

signals from the CNS to the effector muscle or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what’s the 2 branches of the PNS ?

A

the autonomic and somatic nervous systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

role of the autonomic nervous system ?

A

helps to regulate your internal organs , smooth muscle and cardiac. It does so by conducting action potentials from the CNS to the effectors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is the ANS voluntary or involuntary and what nerves carry out functions ?

A

involuntary and visceral motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sympathetic branch functions ?

A

gets you ready for activity this can be called fight or flight response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

parasympathetic role ?

A

conserves energy and promotes digestion , this can be called rest and digest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how many nerves are associated at each level of the ANS ?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the ganglia close to the spinal cord associated with and size?

A

sympathetic and short in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ganglia close to effector and size ?

A

parasympathetic and long in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what main neurotransmitter for parasympathetic division and what receptor ?

A

acetylcholine acts on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

main neurotransmitter for sympathetic branch and receptor ?

A

norepinephrine/adrenaline and adreno-receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the ganglia neurotransmitter and what receptor ?

A

acetylcholine for sympathetic and parasympathetic and acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

to start the synthesis of adrenaline what do you need?

A

dietary amines called tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does tyrosine hydroxylase do ?

A

convert tyrosine into dopa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dopa decarboxylase ?

A

converts dopa into dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the dopa stored in ?

A

storage granules of the nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

dopamine beta hydroxylase ?

A

converts dopamine into noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

after this for sympathetic does the synthesis go any further?

A

nope stops here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is adrenaline ?

A

a hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where is adrenaline produced ?

A

in the adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how is it produced ?

A

noradrenaline is converted into adrenaline by phenylethanolamine N methyl transferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does it mean when effectors are doubly innervated ?

A

they are affected by both the sympathetic and parasympatheric branches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

effect of parasympathetic on heart ?

A

weaken the beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

effect of sympathetic on heart ?

A

strengthen the beat

28
Q

how does the sympathetic play an important role in maintaining blood pressure under unusual conditions ?

A

sympathetic fibres can innervate the smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls , parasympathetic cannot do this.

29
Q

why does an increased HR occur for sympathetic ?

A

an increased rate of blood flow and this delivers increased oxygen and glucose to the skeletal muscles

30
Q

why is there a dilation of the coronary vessels ?

A

this increases the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscle so that the increased rate and strength of heart contractions can be sustained.

31
Q

why is there a constriction of the blood vessels in the digestive organs and other organs ?

A

this moves the blood flow to the skeletal muscles to increase the oxygen and glucose delivery.

32
Q

respiratory airways dilate ?

A

there is an increased rate and depth of breathing to increase the oxygen loading into the blood.

33
Q

what are catecholamines ?

A

hormones made by your adrenal glands, which are located on top of your kidneys. Examples include dopamine; norepinephrine; and epinephrine , they are produced in stressful situations.

34
Q

what is noradrenaline and adrenalines difference ?

A

noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter while adrenaline is a hormone

35
Q

are catecholamines inactivated or degraded ?

A

inactivated

36
Q

how is this done ?

A

uptake
enzymatic inactivation
diffusion

37
Q

uptake 1 ?

A

is carried out into the nerve ending ( neuronal uptake) and this is fairly specific for noradrenaline. It is rapid and efficient major route for 90% of the released noradrenaline.

38
Q

when is uptake 1 impaired ?

A

by cocaine

39
Q

uptake 2 ?

A

this is carried out into other cells and tissues and this is extra neuronal uptake. It is less specific and adrenaline is removed faster than noradrenaline. It is important at the synapse only when uptake 1 is impaired.

40
Q

what is MAO ?

A

monoamine oxidase this is an enzyme that is in the nerve ending and it is associated with the mitochondria in the extracellular fluid.

41
Q

COMT ?

A

catechol -o-methyl transferase is an enzyme that is also found in the extracellular fluid and it breaks down catecholamines.

42
Q

MOA inhibitors ?

A

activate the sympathetic branch of the ANS and the heart rate is increased. This is dangerous as it can increase your risk of a stroke.

43
Q

function of the parasympathetic?

A

This branch is predominate when the body is under non stressful conditions. This system is called rest and repair as it slows the heart rate back to a normal rate and promoted digestion and gland secretion.

44
Q

bronchioles during sympathetic and parasympathetic ?

A

sympathetic stimulation dilate via the beta receptors and salbutamol is an example of a beta agonist to treat asthma. Whereas, during parasympathetic stimulation they constrict.

45
Q

digestive tract except sphincters para vs sympathetic

A

sympathetic stimulation have a decreased rate of peristalsis via the beta receptors. For parasympathetic stimulation there is an increased rate of peristalsis.

46
Q

what receptors does acetylcholine act on ?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

47
Q

where are nicotinic receptors found ?

A

skeletal muscles , ganglia and the CNS.

48
Q

channels of nicotinic ?

A

ion gated

49
Q

agonist for nicotinic receptors ?

A

acetylcholine and nicotine

50
Q

antagonists ?

A

tubocaranine

51
Q

type of receptor of muscarininc?

A

G protein coupled

52
Q

how many substypes of muscarinic ?

A

5

53
Q

where are M3 found ?

A

in the digestive tract

54
Q

M2 ?

A

heart

55
Q

agonists for muscarinic ?

A

acetylcholine

56
Q

antagonists ?

A

hysocine and atropine

57
Q

what does noradrenaline act on ?

A

alpha adrenoreceptors and beta adrenoreceptors.

58
Q

type of receptors ?

A

G protein coupled

59
Q

Alpha adrenoreceptors?

A

α1 and α2 subtypes. α 1 is Gq/PLC coupled while α2 is Gi/o / cAMP coupled. Agonists include noradrenaline and adrenaline , while the antagonists include prazosin.

60
Q

beta adrenoreceptors ?

A

subtypes 1 -3 which are Gs/cAMP coupled. Agonists include nor adrenaline and adrenaline while antagonists include propranolol.

61
Q

beta 1 receptors ?

A

heart , intestinal smooth muscles.

62
Q

beta 2 receptors ?

A

bronchial, vascular and uterine smooth muscle

63
Q

sympathominetics ?

A

drugs that mimic the action of norephinephrine and epinephrine.

64
Q

beta 2 agonists ?

A

cause bronchial dilation and are used in the treatment of asthma ( salbutamol).

65
Q

beta 1 agonists ?

A

sometimes used to stimulate the force of heart contraction only in an emergency.

66
Q

b adrenoreceptor antagonists

A

–1-adrenoceptor blockers reduce rate and force of contraction of heart with less effect on blood vessels and bronchioles (2-adrenoceptors).

pharmacology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions