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pharmacology > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the CNS ?

A

It is the primary unit of integration , it ensures homeostasis which is keeping the environment of the body constant. As well as , perception which includes sight, taste, smell, hearing. It is also involved in movement & coordination , Intellect & emotions.

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2
Q

what is the CNS composed of ?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

nerve cells / neurones ?

A

specialized cells that are designed to stimulate other cells in the body in order to communicate.

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4
Q

neuroganglia ?

A

more of these than neurones and they physically and metabolically support the neurons.

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5
Q

basket cell ?

A

a single neuronal output

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6
Q

purkinje cells ?

A

located in the cerebellum with one single neuronal output , however they have a complex dendritic tree and can produce a fine tuned response.

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7
Q

pyramidal ?

A

hippocampus

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8
Q

stellate cells ?

A

star shaped and they are formed due to the dendrites radiating from the cell body.

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9
Q

what colour are nerve cell bodies and name some ?

A

ganglion , nucleus , corpus and body. They will be grey in colour.

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10
Q

myelinated axon bundles , name some and colour ?

A

white , include the column and tract.

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11
Q

microglia ?

A

phagocytic cells that are scavengers that remove waste from cells.

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12
Q

ependymal ?

A

these are specialised epithelial cells that line the ventricular system of the brain and they play an important role in the production of the cerebrospinal fluid. These allow the CSF to flow and not be static

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13
Q

astrocytes ?

A

these line neurons and blood vessels and they control the blood brain barrier and blood flow.

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14
Q

oligodendrocytes ?

A

these provide support and insulation to the axons in the CNS by myelinating them.

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15
Q

myelin sheath ?

A

an electrical insulating layer around the nerves that increases the speed of the impulses. In the CNS it is the oligodendrocytes that provide the myelination , while in the periphery it is the Schwann cells

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16
Q

recent study with oligodendrocytes and motor skills ?

A

oligodendrocytes increase in formation when learning a new motor skill. Therefore , oligodendrocytes are required to form a new motor skill.

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17
Q

what does the outer forebrain contain ?

A

cerebrum , corpus striatum and hippocampus

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18
Q

what type of matter does the cerebrum composed of ?

A

grey matter

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19
Q

how many lobes?

A

4

20
Q

how is the SA increased ?

A

due to the ridges ( gyri) and grooves ( fissures / sulci

21
Q

function of cerebrum ?

A

sensory and motor functions

22
Q

what occurs to the cerebrum as the complezity of the organism increases ?

A

size of cerebrum increases

23
Q

what is the corpus striatum part of ?

A

basal ganglia

24
Q

basal ganglia function ?

A

group of structures found deep within the cerebral hemispheres that is involved with coordinating the bodies movements.

25
Q

describe hippocampus ?

A

it is part of the limbic system which regulates emotions , pleasure , hostility , anger and instincts. It is also involved with forming memories

26
Q

what does the inner forebrain contain ?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

27
Q

describe thalamus ?

A

the relay centre which receives sensory input and sends this to the cerebrum. Then the cerebrum motor output sends this to other areas

28
Q

hypothalamus ?

A

regulates autonomic and endocrine systems. It is essential for hunger , thirst , osmotic balance , body temperature and metabolic rate.

29
Q

where is the substantia nigra situated and role?

A

the midbrain , contains dopamine and it coordinates the bodies movements

30
Q

hind brain contain ?

A

cerebellun , medulla oblongata , pons and reticular formation

31
Q

cerebellum ?

A

2nd largest structure in the brain and it is walnut shaped , it coordinates fine , coordinated movements , therefore if it becomes damaged then you become unsteady on your feet.

32
Q

medulla oblongata ?

A

continuous with the spinal cord and it has ascending and descending nerves to and from the forebrain , all nerves impulses pass the medulla oblongata. It is involved with visceral reflexes such as breathing , digestion and heart rate. Therefore if it becomes damaged then death occurs

33
Q

what is the brainstem comprised of ?

A

Pons , medulla oblongata and midbrain

34
Q

brain stem reticular formation ?

A

found within the brain stem as it is a network of small neurons extending throughout the brainstem and into the spinal cord. It modulates level of wakefulness and sleep.

35
Q

on the spinal cord , where are the grey matter ( cell bodies) found ?

A

centre and are butterfly in shape

36
Q

what is the grey matter surrounded by ?

A

ascending and descending nerve tracts

37
Q

ventral root ?

A

contains the motor and efferent nerves which leave the cord and to the effector.

38
Q

dorsal root ?

A

contains the sensory and afferent nerves which enter the cord to the CNS.

39
Q

dorsal root ganglion ?

A

sensory nerve cell bodies

40
Q

does the CNS ever come into contact with the blood and why ?

A

no due to the BBB and this is for protection against toxins getting to the nerves in the brain. The BBB separates the CNS from blood. It has structural specialisation such as tight junctions to prevent diffusion occurring. The astrocytes are a second barrier against toxins.

41
Q

what can enter the CNS ?

A

Small non ionised , lipid soluble compounds such as nutrients and oxygen can enter. As well as , substrates for specific transporters such as glucose , amino acids and organic ions. Proteins , substances bound to plasma proteins and toxins can not enter.

42
Q

meningitis ?

A

causes injury and inflammation which leads to the BBB to breakdown and the CNS becomes exposed to harmful substances.

43
Q

what is the CNS bathed in ?

A

cerebrospinal fluid , not blood.

44
Q

why is CSF used ?

A

shock absorber so that if the head is bumped the nerves are protected. It also provides nutrients and oxygen while removing waste such as C02 , especially while we are asleep.

45
Q

what is the CSF secreated from and compostition ?

A

secreated by the Choroid plexus , it is low in protein , K+ , Ca2+ and high in Cl.

46
Q

what can damage the choroid plexus and results in what ?

A

damaged by Interferon ( cytokine) then this results in a decrease in the cognitive function.

pharmacology (21 decks)

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