Control of movement Flashcards
voluntary movement involves what higher centres ?
- cerebral cortex
- cerebellum
- basal ganglia
what is idea ?
The idea is the supplementary motor area , the association areas and the limbic system
The program ?`
occurs in the primary cortex , premotor are and supplementary motor area
the execution ?
occurs in the pyramidal tract , extrapyramidal tract and motor neurone. From the execution you get movement of skeletal muscle
the feedback ?
occurs in the sensory systems , cerebellum , thalamus , basal nuclei and brainstem.
where does the voluntary motor impulses occur ?
in the pyramidal tract
where do they arise from ?
the motor area of the cerebral cortex
where do they snapse and what with ?
the motor neurones in the spinal cord.
what is decussation and describe in relation to movement ?
crossing over occurs as the axons from the pyramidal tract cross over in the medulla oblongata
what is the muscle innervation proportional to ?
complexity of the movement
what shape is the cerebellum and where is it located?
walnut shaped and at the back of the head
Although the cerebellum does not initiate voluntary movements what is it an important centre for ?
coordinating movements and for controlling posture and balance
in order to carry out these functions what does the cerebellum receive information from ?
the muscles , joints , skin , eyes , ears and parts of the brain involved in control of movement
why does ataxia occur and symptoms ?
the cerebellum starts to dysfunction this leads to symptoms such as include poor balance , being unsteady walking and the tendency to fall over. There is also an intention tremor that occurs due to poor adjustment of motor signal and oscillating movements occur which is a repletion of movements.
basal ganglia ?
collection of structures including the substantia nigra , corpus striatum , globus pallidus. They are involved in the initiation of movement , control of fine movement and coordination of movement.
what does the substantia nigra project inhibitory dopaminergic neurons to ?
the corpus striatum
what does the substantia nigra recieve inhibitory GABAergic neurons from ?
the corpus striatum
what does the corpus striatum have as inhibitory cholinergic interneurons ?
the cholinergic interneurones
What does the corpus striatum project inhibitory GABAergic neurons to ?
the globus pallidus
whatb does the Globus Pallidus project inhibitory GABAergic neurons to ?
thalamus
what does the thalamus project excitatory glutamergic neurones to ?
the cortex
what does the cortex project excitatory glutamergic neruones to ?
the spinal cord
name 2 diseases of the basal ganglia ?
parkinson’s
Huntington’s
symptoms of parkinson’s ?
involuntary tremor of resting muscles as well as muscle rigidity and weakness. There is also slowness of movements and difficulty stopping and starting movement. There is an 80% decrease in the dopaminergic neurons in the nigro-striatal pathway , this is the substantia nigra to striatum.
