Endocrincology 1

Question 1

name some endocrine diseases ?

Answer 1

diabetes mellitus - no production of insulin
thyroid disease
PCOS

Question 2

name some drugs that affect the endocrine system ?

Answer 2

corticosteroids

Oral contraceptives

Question 3

whats the 2 main types of hormones ?

Answer 3

chemical such as peptide vs steroid

functionality such as short time vs long term regulation

Question 4

name some peptide hormones ?

Answer 4

insulin and growth hormone

Question 5

name some steroid hormones ?

Answer 5

sex hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone.

Question 6

why does insulin contain disuphide bonds ?

Answer 6

for stability

Question 7

is insulin a long term or short term regulation ?

Answer 7

short time

Question 8

is growth hormone long or short term regulation ?

Answer 8

long term

Question 9

what type of hormone is cortisol ?

Answer 9

steroid

Question 10

when is cortisol released ?

Answer 10

in stressful situations

Question 11

what type of hormone is thyroxine and why ?

Answer 11

steroid like as it has a similar stricture to the steroids.

Question 12

what’s the onset of peptide hormones and offset ?

Answer 12

rapid onset of action and have a rapid offset of action

Question 13

what are the short term regulation of peptides for?

Answer 13

water , glucose and calcium molecules

Question 14

how are they secreted ?

Answer 14

in bursts when they are required

Question 15

when is the secretion terminated ?

Answer 15

when the desired physiological correction is achieved

Question 16

what type of cells does the pancreas contain ?

Answer 16

islets of Langerhans cells

Question 17

A or alpha cells ?

Answer 17

secrete glucagon

Question 18

beta cells ?

Answer 18

insulin

Question 19

D cells ?

Answer 19

somatostatin which is a growth hormone inhibitor

Question 20

what is the normal blood glucose levels and what does this cause ?

Answer 20

4.5mM and this causes the Beta cells to release insulin which allows the circulating glucose to enter the cells. Also the alpha cells are releasing glucagon.

Question 21

blood glucose of 8mM cause ?

Answer 21

is too high and the beta cells secrete more insulin to lower the circulating blood glucose levels to 4.5mM.

Question 22

blood glucose of 3 mM?

Answer 22

this is too low and the alpha cells release glucagon which converts the glycogen stores in the liver to glucose which increases the blood glucose levels back to 4.5mM which is an acceptable level.

Question 23

does insulin and glucagon work together or separately ?

Answer 23

together

Question 24

function of parathyroid hormone ?

Answer 24

raises the blood concentration of Ca2+ , it is released by the parathyroid cells of the parathyroid gland located in the neck It is released when there is a low concentration of Ca2+in the blood.

Question 25

onset and offset of steroid hormones ?

Answer 25

slow onset and offset of action

Question 26

how are they secreted ?

Answer 26

constantly to maintain a constant plasma hormone concentration

Question 27

what is the aim of long term regulation ?

Answer 27

to maintain a concentration of hormone that is within the certain physiological limits

Question 28

what works together to maintain and regulate long term control of steroids ?

Answer 28

the hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 29

what does the thyroid gland release ?

Answer 29

thyroxine which is a steroid like hormone

Question 30

what does the adrenal cortex release ?

Answer 30

cortisol

Question 31

gonads ?

Answer 31

sex hormones

Question 32

thyrotrophin ?

Answer 32

released from the pituitary which travels to the thyroid gland and thyroxine is released

Question 33

what released corticotrophin and what next ?

Answer 33

pituitary , which travels to the adrenal cortex and releases cortisol.

Question 34

growth hormone ?

Answer 34

released from the pituitary and this travels to the liver where IGF-1 is ( insulin like growth factor 1 ) released.

Question 35

all the hypothalamic hormones are secreated from where ?

Answer 35

median eminence in the pituitary gland

Question 36

what does the peptidergic neurone release ?

Answer 36

neurotransmitters that influence the pituitary.

Question 37

portal vessels in pituitary ?

Answer 37

contains capillaries which the chemicals from the hypophyseal artery travel in.

Question 38

where is there a feedback loop between ?

Answer 38

the thyrotropin releasing hormone ( TRH) and the thyrotropin released from the pituitary. There is a similar mechanism for the corticotrophin and CRH , growth hormone and GHRH and gonadotrophins and GnRH.

Question 39

dopamine inhibits ?

Answer 39

the secretion of prolactin from the pituitary , which is a hormone that is released when mast cells degranulate.

Question 40

somatostain inhibitory effect ?

Answer 40

inhibitory effect on the release of growth hormone

Question 41

how does the system maintain the concentration of hormones within the physiological limits ?

Answer 41

by negative feedback loops.

Question 42

rise in thyroxine levels ?

Answer 42

this causes an inhibitory effect on the TRH and thyrotropin levels are decreased.

Question 43

rise in cortisol ?

Answer 43

this causes an inhibitory effect on the secretion of CRH and the levels of corticotrophin and lowered.

Question 44

what occurs when there is a stressful situation in the body.

Answer 44

the pituitary releases CRH with increases the level of corticotrophin which causes the cortisol levels to rise and this decreases the levels of inflammation which is an essential survival response.

Question 45

when cortisol levels drop , what occurs ?

Answer 45

the inflammation increases.