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pharmacology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

what does pharmacology deal with ?

A

the mechanisms of action , uses and unwanted side effects of a drug on living tissues

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2
Q

what is a drug ?

A

a substance that modifies the activity of living tissue.

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3
Q

physiology ?

A

the science of how living tissues function and drugs can interfere with the normal or abnormal physiology.

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4
Q

therapeutics ?

A

the study of the use of pharmacological agents in disease states.

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5
Q

pathology ?

A

the study of how the body goes wrong in disease states.

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6
Q

give 2 agonists ?

A

acetylcholine and histamine

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7
Q

what does Ach act on ?

A

muscarinic acetylcholine receptors , in the heart M2 and gastrointestinal M3 , M1 in neuronal system.

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8
Q

what does histamine act on ?

A

H1 and H2 receptors

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9
Q

what is an agonist ?

A

a drug or substance that directly causes a measurable response. It has affinity and efficacy.

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10
Q

what can the response be described as and what does it depend on?

A

excitatory or inhibitory , just depends on the receptor being activated.

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11
Q

what is affinity ?

A

binding to the receptor

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12
Q

what is efficacy ?

A

this is the ability of the substance to cause a response.

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13
Q

how can the agonist response be quantified ?

A

by a concentration response curve

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14
Q

describe the CRC ?

A

sigmoidal in shape and plateaus at the top as the available receptors are all being activated ( Rmax).

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15
Q

what is the EC50 ?

A

refers to the concentration of a drug which induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time.

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16
Q

what does it mean if the EC50 value is low ?

A

the drug is potent

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17
Q

where will it be on a graph if most potent ?

A

left

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18
Q

give examples of antagonists ?

A

hyoscine and atropine.

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19
Q

how do they work ?

A

they act on the acetylcholine muscarinic receptors and prevent acetylcholine acting on them which prevents the smooth muscle contraction.

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20
Q

are the effects of atropine and hyoscine reversible ?

A

yes

21
Q

description of antagonism ?

A

when the substance binds to the receptor as it has affinity , however it does not have efficacy and there is no response.

22
Q

pharmacological antagonism ?

A

binds to the same receptor as the agonist as they have similar structure. It is when 2 drugs counteract each other by acting on the same receptor types.

23
Q

chemical antagonism ?

A

when one drug antagonises the action of another by chemically combining with it.

24
Q

physiological antagonism ?

A

2 drugs counteract each other by producing opposing effects on different receptors.

25
Q

an increase of 10-8 to 10-7 is what ?

A

1000x

26
Q

how can you restore the response for competitive antagonism ?

A

increase the agonist concentration

27
Q

what is irreversible competitive antagonism ?

A

the bond between the antagonist and the receptor is so strong that even increasing concentrations of agonists cannot displace the antagonist. This is often due to covalent bonding.

28
Q

what is non competitive antagonism ?

A

the antagonist binds to a site other than the agonist binding site , this alters the affinity of the agonist , it’s binding.

29
Q

can agonists and antagonists have the same physiological response ?

A

yes just depends on the receptor location

30
Q

what is drug toxicity?

A

this is when drugs have undesirable effects that are toxic and environmental hazards

31
Q

all things are all poisonous but what makes a thing a poison ?

A

the dose

32
Q

where does the botulinum toxin come from ?

A

the gram positive rod shaped clostridium botulinum , it is anaerobic and forms spores

33
Q

how is botulism caused?

A

eating contaminated food. Associated with canned or bottled foodstuffs that have been incompletely sterilised.

34
Q

what are the symptoms of botulism ?

A

muscle paralysis , respiratory failure and death

35
Q

just one teaspoon of pure toxin could kill how many people ?

A

millions

36
Q

therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin ?

A

temporarily remove wrinkles and treat severe underarm sweating

37
Q

cervical dystonia ?

A

neurological condition in which the neck and shoulders have severe contractions.

38
Q

blepharospasm ?

A

uncontrolled blinking

39
Q

strabismum ?

A

misaligned eyes

40
Q

iatrogenicity ?

A

disease produced due to side effects from inappropriate prescription of drugs. For example antimalarial drug called Lariam ( mefloquine) causes psychiatric side effects such as suicidal feelings.

41
Q

Teratogenicity ?

A

there is a abnormalities in the foetus or unborn child. An example of this is the thalidomide scandal in the 1950’s that resulted in phocomelia , the children has stunted or abnormal limb formation

42
Q

describe thalidomide scandal in the 1950’s ?

A

Thalidomide has 2 forms an R form that causes sedative effects and an S form that causes teratogenic side effects. The thalidomide was prescribed to treat morning sickness in pregnancy. Our liver can convert the R form into the teratogenic S form so even if the pharmaceutical companies only prescribed the R form it still has harmful effects.

43
Q

what would an ideal drug have ?

A

high potency as less needed so save money and high specificity as less side effects.

44
Q

in-vivo advantage and disadvantage

A

this uses live animals and can view the physiological effect on body , however anaesthesia needed.

45
Q

in-vitro ?

A

in the laboratory setting and advantages include reduces animal studies

46
Q

high throughput screening ?

A

uses single cells and an advantage is that you can control dosing , however this has issues as this doesn’t take into consideration the complexity of humans.

47
Q

the target of a drug can be ion channels , what does verapamil do?

A

blocks cardiac ca2+ ion channels

48
Q

what does prosac do and what is it ?

A

it is an antidepressant and it inhibits the uptake of 5H-T ( seretonin)

49
Q

targets of drugs are also receptors , what does salbutamol do ?

A

it is an agonist and causes smooth muscle relaxation to open the airways up.

pharmacology (21 decks)

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