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NPLEX > Reproductive Pathology > Flashcards

Reproductive Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation

  1. PRIMARY (menses has not started by age 15)
  2. SECONDARY (menstruation stops for three cycles or six months in women)

dysruption in the HPO axis…

(PCOS symptoms, hot flashes, and night sweats, glactorhea as seen in hyperprolactinemia)

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2
Q

Primary Amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
congenital absence of the uterus or vagina

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3
Q

Secondary Amenorrhea

A

pregnancy, actation
menopuase,
PCOS
hypothalamic amenorrhea
thyroid dysfunction

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4
Q

Anovulation

A

absence of ovulation
ovaries do not release oocyte during menstrual cycle
due to hormonal imbalances affecting the HPO axis… leading to insufficient stimulation of the ovaries

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5
Q

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

A

Anovulation, leading to unopposed estrogen and lack of progesterone

Hormonal imbalance: PCOS, thyroid disorders and perimenopause

Medications like OCPs

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6
Q

Complications from perimenopause/menopause

A

Osteoporosis (decreased estrogen)
Cardivascular disease
Urogenital atrohpy
increased risk of cognitive decline and mood disorders

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7
Q

Ovarian insufficiency

A

POI / lose their normal function before the age of 40

decreased production of estrogen and irregular or absent menstrual periods

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8
Q

Ovarian Insufficiency symptoms

A

Irregular or absent menstrual periods

Symptoms or estrogen deficiency like hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness

Infertility

Mood changes and depression

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9
Q

Ovarian insufficiency / failure etiology…

A

Genetics (turner, fragile X syndrome)

Autoimmune disorders

Chemotherapy or radiation therapy

Idiopathic

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10
Q

Inflammatory diseases of reproductive tract

A

Balantitis
Cervicitis
Endometriosis
Endometritis
Orchitis
PID
Salpingitis
Vaginitis

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11
Q

Balanitis

A

inflammation of the glans penis
- infections, poor hygiene, irritants

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12
Q

PID

A

etiology: tendency towards anaerobes and gram negative rods

chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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13
Q

Orchitis

A

inflammation of one or both testicals

Viral – mumps
Bacterial – e coli

OR STIS (G C)
trauma / injury
Autoimmune reactions

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14
Q

Salpingitis

A

Inflammation of fallopian tubes
(often from bacterial infections)

can lead to scarring and blockages of the tubes

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15
Q

Candidal Vaginitis

A

Yeast infections / overgrowth of candida species in the vaginal mucosa

often because of: antibiotic use, high estrogen states or a compromised immune system

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16
Q

Vaginitis / candida overgrowth sxs

A

intense itching / irritation of vulva
thick white / cottage cheese like vaginal discharge
redness and swelling of the vulva
pain during intercourse
burning sensation during urination

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17
Q

Crytorchidism

A

when one or both testes fail to descend from abdomen into scrotum during fetal development

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18
Q

Epispadias

A

congenital defect resulting form improper development of urethra and genital tubercle (abnormal opening of urethra on dorsal supper surface of penis)

  • because of disruption in development of genital tubercle during embryonic period

IS THIS ENDODERM OR ECTODERM?
- 8-10 weeks in gestation

genital tubercle (ALL THREE LAYERS)

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19
Q

fragile X syndrome

A

expansion CGG trinucleotide repeate in the FMR1 gene on X chromosome

leads to decreased production of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP)

genetic mutation inherited in an X linked dominant pattern

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20
Q

Hypospadias

A

incomplete fusion of urethral folds / urethral opening on ventral side of penis

REMEMBER THAT ANATOMICAL POSITION IS when penis is erect…

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21
Q

Imperforate Hymen

A

imperforate hymen results from incomplete degeneration of central portion of the hymen leading to a membrane covering the vaginal opening

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22
Q

Klenefelter syndrome

A

caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome

leads to androgen deficiency and hypogonadism

sxs: tall stature with long limbs, gynecomastia, small testes, reduced testosterone levels

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23
Q

Paraphimosis

A

when the foreskin is retracted behind the glans penis and cannot be returned to its normal position leading to construction and swelling

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24
Q

Phimosis

A

inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis due to tightness

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25
Q

Septate vagina

A

incomplete resorption of the mullerian ducts during fetal development
leads to septum within the uterus or vagina

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26
Q

Turners Syndrome

A

complete or partial monosomy of the X chromosome which leads to developmental and physiological abnormalities

sxs
short stature
webbed neck
broad chest with widely spaced nipples
lymphedema or hands and feet in infancy
congenital heart defects

leads to
cvd abnormalities
kidney challenges
osteoporosis
increased risk of autoimmune disorders

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27
Q

Erectile Dysfunction

A

Often:

  1. vascular (athersclerosis, hypertension, diabetes)
  2. neurological (spinal cord injury… ms, neuropathy)
28
Q

Hematocele

A

accumulation of blood within the tunica vaginalis (surrounding testicle)

*problem of hydrostatic pressure

Painful swelling of scrotum

29
Q

Hydrocele

A

Accumulatio of serous fluids between layers of tunica vaginalis surrounding testicle

imbalance of fluid secretion and absorption

*transillumination of scrotum
*heaviness or discomfort in scrotum

30
Q

Spermatocele

A

benign cystic accumulation of sperm in epididymis (painless fluid filled cyst in epididymis)

*** arises from blockages of efferent ducts

31
Q

Varicocele

A

abnormal dilation of the pampiniform plexus of veins within the scrotum

***often defective venous valves leading to blood pooling

“bag of worms”

32
Q

Fibrocystic breast disease

A

non-cancerous changes in the breast tissue, leading to the development of fibrous tissue and cysts

33
Q

Galactocele

A

milk-filled cyst that occurs due to blockage of lactiferous duct in the breast shortly after lactation

BECAUSE of
obstruction of milk ducts during lactation
infrequent breastfeeding or weaning can contribute to duct blockage

34
Q

Mammary duct ectasia

A

dilation and inflammation of the milk ducts beneath the nipple

typically occurs around menopause

**nipple discharge can be thick and greenish; nipple inversion and rectraction

35
Q

Mastitis

A

infection of breast tissue, common during breastfeeding

inflammation, pain and infection due to bacterial entry through cracked nipples

BECAUSE: staphlococcus aureus

36
Q

Truamatic fat nectosis

A

fatty breast tissue is damaged often due to injury or surgery leading to inflammation and necrosis of the adipose tissue

37
Q
A
38
Q

Paget **

A

malignant cells extending from the ducts to the skin of the nipple and areola

associated with underlying ductal carcinoma in situ

sxs: erythema and eczematous changes of the nipple and areola, nipple discharge, itching and burning sensation

39
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

benign breast tumor composed of glandular and fibrous tissue

40
Q

lobular carcinoma

A

arises from the lobules of the breast, where milk is produced

41
Q

Ductal Carcinoma

A

originates in the milk ducts and can be in situ (DCIS) or invasive IDC

42
Q

Dermoid cyst

A

Ovarian cyst
TERATOMA

43
Q

Ovarian Cyst

A

fluid filled sacs that develop on or within an ovary

  1. functional cysts: follicular cysts, and corpus luteum cysts (from normal ovulation)
  2. Pathological cysts: include dermoid cysts (teratomas), cystademonas and endometriomas
44
Q

Paraovarian Cysts

A

fluid filled sacs located in the broad ligament adjacent to but separate from the Ovary.

they arise from the remnants of the wolffian duct or paramesonephric duct

** developmental remnants of embryoloical structures

45
Q

PCOS

A

chronic anovulation
hyperandrogenism
polycystic ovaries

46
Q

Tubo-ovarian cysts

A

TOA (tubo ovarian cysts or abcessess) are complex infections involving the fallopian tube and ovary – leads to PID often

metabolic component

47
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor arising from trophoblastic tissue

abnormal proliferation of trophiblastic cells and lack of chorionic villi

*elevated levels of hCG, vaginal bleeding, sxs related to metastasis like cough, hemooptysis, headahce

48
Q

Hydatidiform mole

A

gestational trophoblastic disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic tissue and dyropic degeneration of chorionic villi

aka…. fertilization of an egg with no genetic material by one or two sperm… resulting in 46 chromosomes entirely paternally derived

sxs:
- vaginal bleeding in first trimester
uterus larger than expected for gestational age
elevated hCG levels
Hyperemesis gravidarum
preEclampsia before 20 weeks gestation
snowstorm pattern on ultrasound

49
Q

complete mole

A

fertilization of an egg with no genetic material by one or two sperm… resulting in 46 chromosomes entirely paternally derived

50
Q

invasive mole

A

type of gestational trophoblastic disease where the molar tissue invades the myometrium

sometimes extends into adjacent structures and metastasizing

51
Q

Preeclampsia

A

multisystem disorder of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestation

endothelial dysfunction, placental ischemia and an imbalance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors

***involves abnormal placental and immune response

Clinical sxs: hypertension, proteinuria, edema, headache, visual disturbances, epigastric pain, HELLP syndrome

52
Q

Bartholin cysts

A

result from the obstruction of the bartholin gland ducts, leads to the accumulation of mucous and the formation of a cyst

***blockage of the duct, due to infection, trauma or inflammation

53
Q

Cystocele

A

ADD

54
Q

Rectocele

A

ADD

55
Q

Urethrocele

A

ADD

56
Q

Cervical intracepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

A

CIN represents precancerous changes in the cerivcal epithelium (CIN1) CIN2, or CIN3 (mild to severe)

*** HPV 16, 18 increase risk for CIN

***this could lead to carcinoma in situ

57
Q
A
58
Q

Endometrial Hypertplasia

A

Endometrial hyperplasia involving the proliferation of endometrial glands due to prolonged estrogen stimulation without progesterone

BECAUSE: PCOS, estrogen secreting tumors, unopposed estrogen exposure, HRT

59
Q

Fibroids / (Leiomyomas)

A

smooth muscle, MYOMETRIUM tissue

influenced by hormonal factors, specifically estrogen and progesterone

60
Q

Invasive carcinoma of the cervix

A

develops from high grade CIN and involves the invasion of malignant cells beyond the basement membrane

*ALSO persistent infections with high risk HPV 16 and 18

61
Q

Leiomyosarcomas

A

RARE MALIGNANT tumors of smooth muscle origin

*typically arises de novo rather than from pre-existiting leiomyomas

Clinical: rapidly enlarging pelvic masses

62
Q

Prostate Carcinoma

A

originates from the glandular cells of the prostate (typically in the peripheral zone)

Clinical: urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, weak stream… also bone pain, weight loss and anemia

63
Q

Tumors of the Ovary

A

ovarian tumors can be benign or malignant, arises from epithelial cells, germ cells or stromal cells

*Braca1 and 2 increase risk

64
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (arises from the epithelial cell of the penile skin OR mucosa)

65
Q
A

NPLEX (15 decks)

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