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NPLEX > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

(presynaptic) Parasympathetic
Merge with the hypogastric nerves

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2
Q

Pelvic pain line

A

course of visceral pain sensation

Structures ABOVE demonstrate sympathetic pelvic splanchic nerves

Structures BELOW inferior peritoneum convey parasympathetic pelvic splanchic nerves

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3
Q

Pelvic Arteries

(that enter the lesser pelvis)

A
  1. Internal iliac arteries
    1.A anterior division provides visceral branches (to ORGANS)2.B Posterior division provides parietal branches to (CONNECTIVE TISSUE) or parietal branches

*these are both branches off the common iliac

  1. Testicular or Ovarian Arteries
  2. Median sacral artery
  3. Superior Rectal A
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4
Q

Pelvic Veins

A

Drained mainly by the internal iliac veins

  1. superior rectal veins
  2. Median sacral vein
  3. Gonadal veins
  4. Internal vertebral venous plexus
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5
Q

Ureters pass over pelvic brim @…

A

the height of bifurcation of common ilaic arteries

they pass inferiomedially to bladder

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6
Q

ADD

A
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7
Q

ADD

A
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8
Q

Ductus Deferens

A
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9
Q

Seminal Glands

A
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10
Q

Prostate

A

fibrous capsule of the prostate that encapsulates the nerves and veins

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11
Q

Penis

A

three erectile cavernous tissue:
1. corpora cavernosa x2
2. corpus spongiosum ventrally

fibrous outer covering or capsule – tunica albuginea

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12
Q

Vagina vasculature

A

uterine artery (supplies the superior portion of the vagina)

ADD

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13
Q

Skene’s Glands

A

Paraurethral glands

a pair of glands that lubricates external genitalia

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14
Q

Bartholin’s Glands

A

vulvovaginal glands
- on either side of vagina
ADD

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15
Q

Vulva

A

External pudental artery
internal pudental artery
- supplies skin, external genitalia, and ADD

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16
Q

Uterus

A

ligament of ovary (attaches posterior inferior)

round ligament of the uterus (attaches anterior inferiorly)

broad ligament of uterus (double layer of peritoneum, extends to lateral walls and floor of pelvis)

  • keeps uterus centered and contains ovaries, uterine tubes and their vasculature

Suspensory ligament of ovary (superiorly over the ovary)

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17
Q

Uterine Tubes

A
  1. interstital / intramural
  2. Isthmus – narrowest portion
  3. Ampulla (middle widest part / site for fertilization)
  4. Infundibulum has fimbriae
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18
Q

Rectum

A

rectosigmoid function is at level of S3

rectum ends at anteriorinferior to the tip of coccyx where rectum becomes the anal canal

Ampulla of the rectum is the dilated terminal part for retaining feces

ADD
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19
Q

Blood supply to rectum

A

superior rectal artery (innervates proximal part)

middle rectal arteries

inferior rectal arteries (arrise from the internal pudenal arteries)

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ADD

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20
Q

Venous drainage of rectum

A

submucosal rectal venous plexus surrounds the rectum and communcates with the vesical venous plexus in males

and uterovaginal venous plexis in females

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21
Q

Pudendal canal

A

horizontal passageway in the obturator fascia

  • lesser sciatic notch to the ischial spine

bifurcation gives rise to
1. perineal nerve and artery
2. dorsal artery of penis or cliterous (sensory nerve)

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22
Q

Breast tissue

A

ADD

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23
Q

Testes

A

Seminiferous tubules

ADD
ADD

24
Q

Meiosis

A

Sister chromatids
- each chromosome contains two, identical, joined by a centromere

Homologoous pairs of chromosomes
- one member of each pair is from paternal chromosome and one member is from maternal chromosome
- they look alike and code for the same genes that code for the same traits

Nonsister chromatids
- within homologous pairs, chromatids of 1 chromosome are nonsister chromatides to chromosome in pair
- nonsister chromatids exchange DNA through crossing over to increase genetic variability

25
Q

Meiosis chromosome terms

A

Diploid (2n, 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes or 46 total)

Haploid (n - 23 chromosomes total)

When TWO HAPLOIDS meet they form a diploid called a zygote

26
Q

Steps of Meiosis I

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

27
Q

Meiosis II

A

cells are haploid at the end

or “daughter haploid cells”

28
Q

Pathway of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules
straight tubule
rete testis
efferent ductules
epididymis

THEN

epididymus
fuctus deferenes
ejaculatory duct
urethra

29
Q

Regions of urethra

A
  1. prostatic urethra
  2. intermediate part of the urethra
  3. spongy urethra
    … corpus spongiosum (surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and blub of penis)
    … corpora cavernosa: paired dorsal erectile bodies
30
Q

Sertoli cells (Sustentocytes)

A

Surround the spermatogonium

Contain tight junctions;
1. basal compartment (basal lamina to tight junctions)
– spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

  1. Adluminal compartment: internal to tight junction
    – area where meiotically active cells and tubule lumen are loacted

tight junctions form the blood testis barrier

31
Q

Sertoli Function

A

ADD

32
Q

Suspensory ligments of breast tissue

A

attach breast to underlying muscle

33
Q

Ovaries are held in place by…

A
  1. Ovarian Ligament
  2. Suspensory ligament
  3. Mesovarium
34
Q

Ovarian ligaments

A
  1. Broad ligament
    a. mesosalpinx
    b. mesovarium
    c. mesometrium
  2. Ovarian ligament
  3. Round ligament of uterus
35
Q

Primordial follicles

A

All of them are present at birth

36
Q

primary follicles (in oogenisis)

A

have a single lay er of cuboidal pre-granulosa cells surrounding primary oocytesec

37
Q

secondary follicles

A

have multiple layers of granulosa eclls surrounding primary oocyte

38
Q

Vesicular (antral) follicules

A

have fluid filled cavities called antrum

39
Q
A
40
Q

Atresia

A

apoptosis of oocute and surrounding cells
- 99.9% of all follicles are never recruited

41
Q

Maturation of follicles

A

Follicles and oocytes amy take nearly a year to mature before ovulation can occur

phase 1: gonadotropin-independent pre-antral phase involves intrafollicular paracrines

phase 2: antral phase stimulated by FSH and LH
- dominant follicle is selected
- primary oocyte resumes meiosis I

42
Q

Oogenesis Events

A

Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Vescular (antral) follicle
Ovulated secondary Oocyte
Corpus luteum (develops from ruptured follicle)

43
Q

Theca folliculi

A

thecal cells secrete hormone in response to LH

44
Q

Polar body

A

after the division of meiosis I is complete…

TWO haploid cells of different sizes are produced

  1. First polar body: smaller cell that is almost devoid of cytoplasm
  2. Secondary Oocyte: large cell with almost all mother cell cytoplasm and organelles
45
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

28 day hormone cycle / infradian rhythm

46
Q

identical twins

A

1 oocyte, that separates into two daughter cells

47
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation by some women

48
Q

Fraternal twins

A

1-2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte

49
Q

corpus luteum purpose

A

produces hormones taht sustain pregnancy until placenta takes over

50
Q

Leptin

A

if ENOUGH leptin….
hypothalamus becomes less estrogen-sensitive
GnRH is released
FSH and LH are released from stimulated pituitary to act on ovaries

51
Q

GnRH stimulates…

A

FSH and LH secretion

52
Q

FSH and LH stimulate…

A

stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones

FSH – stimulates granulosa cells to release estrogen

LH – prods thecal cells to produce androgens; granulosa converts to estrogens

53
Q

what triggers ovulation

A

LH surge and the formation of the corpus luteum

54
Q

sex hormones travel how

A

they bind intracellularly when bound to proteins

55
Q

oxytocin

A

produced in hypothalamus,
stored and released by POSTERIOR PITUITARY
stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions

56
Q

prolactin

A

Produced in anterior pituitary
Stimulates milk production

57
Q
A

NPLEX (15 decks)

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