Reproductive Flashcards
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
(presynaptic) Parasympathetic
Merge with the hypogastric nerves
Pelvic pain line
course of visceral pain sensation
Structures ABOVE demonstrate sympathetic pelvic splanchic nerves
Structures BELOW inferior peritoneum convey parasympathetic pelvic splanchic nerves
Pelvic Arteries
(that enter the lesser pelvis)
- Internal iliac arteries
1.A anterior division provides visceral branches (to ORGANS)2.B Posterior division provides parietal branches to (CONNECTIVE TISSUE) or parietal branches
*these are both branches off the common iliac
- Testicular or Ovarian Arteries
- Median sacral artery
- Superior Rectal A
Pelvic Veins
Drained mainly by the internal iliac veins
- superior rectal veins
- Median sacral vein
- Gonadal veins
- Internal vertebral venous plexus
Ureters pass over pelvic brim @…
the height of bifurcation of common ilaic arteries
they pass inferiomedially to bladder
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Ductus Deferens
Seminal Glands
Prostate
fibrous capsule of the prostate that encapsulates the nerves and veins
Penis
three erectile cavernous tissue:
1. corpora cavernosa x2
2. corpus spongiosum ventrally
fibrous outer covering or capsule – tunica albuginea
Vagina vasculature
uterine artery (supplies the superior portion of the vagina)
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Skene’s Glands
Paraurethral glands
a pair of glands that lubricates external genitalia
Bartholin’s Glands
vulvovaginal glands
- on either side of vagina
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Vulva
External pudental artery
internal pudental artery
- supplies skin, external genitalia, and ADD
Uterus
ligament of ovary (attaches posterior inferior)
round ligament of the uterus (attaches anterior inferiorly)
broad ligament of uterus (double layer of peritoneum, extends to lateral walls and floor of pelvis)
- keeps uterus centered and contains ovaries, uterine tubes and their vasculature
Suspensory ligament of ovary (superiorly over the ovary)
Uterine Tubes
- interstital / intramural
- Isthmus – narrowest portion
- Ampulla (middle widest part / site for fertilization)
- Infundibulum has fimbriae
Rectum
rectosigmoid function is at level of S3
rectum ends at anteriorinferior to the tip of coccyx where rectum becomes the anal canal
Ampulla of the rectum is the dilated terminal part for retaining feces
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Blood supply to rectum
superior rectal artery (innervates proximal part)
middle rectal arteries
inferior rectal arteries (arrise from the internal pudenal arteries)
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Venous drainage of rectum
submucosal rectal venous plexus surrounds the rectum and communcates with the vesical venous plexus in males
and uterovaginal venous plexis in females
Pudendal canal
horizontal passageway in the obturator fascia
- lesser sciatic notch to the ischial spine
bifurcation gives rise to
1. perineal nerve and artery
2. dorsal artery of penis or cliterous (sensory nerve)
Breast tissue
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Testes
Seminiferous tubules
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Meiosis
Sister chromatids
- each chromosome contains two, identical, joined by a centromere
Homologoous pairs of chromosomes
- one member of each pair is from paternal chromosome and one member is from maternal chromosome
- they look alike and code for the same genes that code for the same traits
Nonsister chromatids
- within homologous pairs, chromatids of 1 chromosome are nonsister chromatides to chromosome in pair
- nonsister chromatids exchange DNA through crossing over to increase genetic variability
Meiosis chromosome terms
Diploid (2n, 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes or 46 total)
Haploid (n - 23 chromosomes total)
When TWO HAPLOIDS meet they form a diploid called a zygote
Steps of Meiosis I
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Meiosis II
cells are haploid at the end
or “daughter haploid cells”
Pathway of sperm
seminiferous tubules
straight tubule
rete testis
efferent ductules
epididymis
THEN
epididymus
fuctus deferenes
ejaculatory duct
urethra
Regions of urethra
- prostatic urethra
- intermediate part of the urethra
- spongy urethra
… corpus spongiosum (surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and blub of penis)
… corpora cavernosa: paired dorsal erectile bodies
Sertoli cells (Sustentocytes)
Surround the spermatogonium
Contain tight junctions;
1. basal compartment (basal lamina to tight junctions)
– spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
- Adluminal compartment: internal to tight junction
– area where meiotically active cells and tubule lumen are loacted
tight junctions form the blood testis barrier
Sertoli Function
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Suspensory ligments of breast tissue
attach breast to underlying muscle
Ovaries are held in place by…
- Ovarian Ligament
- Suspensory ligament
- Mesovarium
Ovarian ligaments
- Broad ligament
a. mesosalpinx
b. mesovarium
c. mesometrium - Ovarian ligament
- Round ligament of uterus
Primordial follicles
All of them are present at birth
primary follicles (in oogenisis)
have a single lay er of cuboidal pre-granulosa cells surrounding primary oocytesec
secondary follicles
have multiple layers of granulosa eclls surrounding primary oocyte
Vesicular (antral) follicules
have fluid filled cavities called antrum
Atresia
apoptosis of oocute and surrounding cells
- 99.9% of all follicles are never recruited
Maturation of follicles
Follicles and oocytes amy take nearly a year to mature before ovulation can occur
phase 1: gonadotropin-independent pre-antral phase involves intrafollicular paracrines
phase 2: antral phase stimulated by FSH and LH
- dominant follicle is selected
- primary oocyte resumes meiosis I
Oogenesis Events
Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Vescular (antral) follicle
Ovulated secondary Oocyte
Corpus luteum (develops from ruptured follicle)
Theca folliculi
thecal cells secrete hormone in response to LH
Polar body
after the division of meiosis I is complete…
TWO haploid cells of different sizes are produced
- First polar body: smaller cell that is almost devoid of cytoplasm
- Secondary Oocyte: large cell with almost all mother cell cytoplasm and organelles
Ovarian Cycle
28 day hormone cycle / infradian rhythm
identical twins
1 oocyte, that separates into two daughter cells
Mittelschmerz
twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation by some women
Fraternal twins
1-2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte
corpus luteum purpose
produces hormones taht sustain pregnancy until placenta takes over
Leptin
if ENOUGH leptin….
hypothalamus becomes less estrogen-sensitive
GnRH is released
FSH and LH are released from stimulated pituitary to act on ovaries
GnRH stimulates…
FSH and LH secretion
FSH and LH stimulate…
stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
FSH – stimulates granulosa cells to release estrogen
LH – prods thecal cells to produce androgens; granulosa converts to estrogens
what triggers ovulation
LH surge and the formation of the corpus luteum
sex hormones travel how
they bind intracellularly when bound to proteins
oxytocin
produced in hypothalamus,
stored and released by POSTERIOR PITUITARY
stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions
prolactin
Produced in anterior pituitary
Stimulates milk production
