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NPLEX > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Amino Acids

A

PROTEINS

(5) non polar amino acids
- non polar side chains
(alanine, valine, isoleucine, leusine, methionine)

(3) AROMATIC
(Phenylalaine, tyrosine, tryptophan)
tyrosine - hydroxyl

(4) POLAR (uncharged)
*on the surface of cells
(asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine)
asparagine, glutamine – amino group
serine, threonine – hydroxyl group

CHARGED
POSITIVE (arginine, lysine, histidine)
(aspartic acid, glutamic acid NEGATIVE)
* NEG/ACID = aspartate, glutamate
*POS / BASIC = arginine, lysine, histidine

SULFUR containing
(cysteine, glysine, proline)
*cysteine – can form a disulfide bond because sulfur is on the end
- histidine – for blood, basic, polar/ charged

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2
Q

zwitterion form

A

separate positive and separate negative charge on either side of the molcule

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3
Q

isolelectric ppoint

A

pH at which a particular molecule carries no net charge

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4
Q

proteins

A

Secondary (

ADD

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5
Q

Protein function

A

catalysis (enzymes)
structure (collagen, elastin)
ADD

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6
Q

Dehydrogenases

A

oxizide substrates by transfering one or more hydride ions

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7
Q

Transferases

A

kinase (transfer phosphate)

Transaminases (amino group transfer

synthase (breakdown of ATP)

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8
Q

4 main monosaccarides

A

glucose

galactose

mannose

fructose (hydroxyl)

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9
Q

the 9 essential amino acids

A

valine
leucine
isoleucine
histidine
methionine
threonine

phenylalanine
tryptophan

lysine

Where are they found??? they are found in complete proteins

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Disaccharides

A

sucrose

lactose

maltose

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12
Q

alpha glycosidic

A

carbon facing up

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13
Q

beta glycosidic

A

carbon facing down

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14
Q

Digestion of starch

A

Starch

*salivary amylase breaks it down in the mouth

stomach breaks it down into (lactose, sucrose)

Alpha amylase and HCO in pancreas breaks it down

small intestine breaks it down into tri and oligosaccharides (maltose, isomaltose)

maltase and isomaltase – become glucose

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15
Q

sucrose breaks down into

A

glucose and fructose

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16
Q

lactose breaks down into

A

glucose and galactose

17
Q

brush border membrane

A

passage of Na glucose cotransporters

and facilitated glucose transporters

18
Q

glut 1

A

BLOOD

blood brain barrier
blood placental barrier
blood testies barrier

  • high affinity glucose transporter
19
Q

glut 2

A

LIVER
KIDNEY
PANCREATIC B Cell

High capacity, low affinity

20
Q

GLut 3

A

brain

Central nervous system; high affinity system

21
Q

glut 4

A

adipose tissue
skeletal muscle
heart muscle

insulin resnsitive transporter, if insulin is present; Glut 4 transporters INCREASE on the cell surface

22
Q

glut 5

A

intestinal epithelium (and also spermatazoa)
this is a fructose transporter

23
Q

Glut transporters ALL

A

the glut transporters takes and acts as a “glucose transport protein”

it takes glucose to the most important parts of the body

glut 1 and glut 3 are MOST IMPORTANT

glut 2… liver kidney and pancrease

glut 4… adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, (heart muscle too) this is the INSULIN SENSITIVE ONE

24
Q

what gets glucose first in the body

A

brain
blood

25
Q

alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds

A
26
Q

glycogen metabolism

A

happens in the cytosol of the cells

this is for when we want to store glucose or use reserves

27
Q

Glycogenesis
OR
Glycogenolysis

A

the formation of / or breakdown of glycogen

Important metabolites:
glucokinase (liver) /// hexokinase

28
Q

What upregulates glycogen?

A

INsulin

… it will encourage glucose uptake into cells and glycogen formation

29
Q

insulin does what to glycogenisis and glycogenolysis

A

insulin will increase glycogenesis
(the storage of glucose)

insulin will INHIBIT glycogenolysis
(inhibit the breakdown of glycogen into glucose)

30
Q

Proinsulin is converted to insulin by what…

A

proteolytic cleavage

removing the C peptide and a few amino acid residues

31
Q
A

NPLEX (15 decks)

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