Biochem Flashcards
Amino Acids
PROTEINS
(5) non polar amino acids
- non polar side chains
(alanine, valine, isoleucine, leusine, methionine)
(3) AROMATIC
(Phenylalaine, tyrosine, tryptophan)
tyrosine - hydroxyl
(4) POLAR (uncharged)
*on the surface of cells
(asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine)
asparagine, glutamine – amino group
serine, threonine – hydroxyl group
CHARGED
POSITIVE (arginine, lysine, histidine)
(aspartic acid, glutamic acid NEGATIVE)
* NEG/ACID = aspartate, glutamate
*POS / BASIC = arginine, lysine, histidine
SULFUR containing
(cysteine, glysine, proline)
*cysteine – can form a disulfide bond because sulfur is on the end
- histidine – for blood, basic, polar/ charged
zwitterion form
separate positive and separate negative charge on either side of the molcule
isolelectric ppoint
pH at which a particular molecule carries no net charge
proteins
Secondary (
ADD
Protein function
catalysis (enzymes)
structure (collagen, elastin)
ADD
Dehydrogenases
oxizide substrates by transfering one or more hydride ions
Transferases
kinase (transfer phosphate)
Transaminases (amino group transfer
synthase (breakdown of ATP)
4 main monosaccarides
glucose
galactose
mannose
fructose (hydroxyl)
the 9 essential amino acids
valine
leucine
isoleucine
histidine
methionine
threonine
phenylalanine
tryptophan
lysine
Where are they found??? they are found in complete proteins
Disaccharides
sucrose
lactose
maltose
alpha glycosidic
carbon facing up
beta glycosidic
carbon facing down
Digestion of starch
Starch
*salivary amylase breaks it down in the mouth
stomach breaks it down into (lactose, sucrose)
Alpha amylase and HCO in pancreas breaks it down
small intestine breaks it down into tri and oligosaccharides (maltose, isomaltose)
maltase and isomaltase – become glucose
sucrose breaks down into
glucose and fructose
lactose breaks down into
glucose and galactose
brush border membrane
passage of Na glucose cotransporters
and facilitated glucose transporters
glut 1
BLOOD
blood brain barrier
blood placental barrier
blood testies barrier
- high affinity glucose transporter
glut 2
LIVER
KIDNEY
PANCREATIC B Cell
High capacity, low affinity
GLut 3
brain
Central nervous system; high affinity system
glut 4
adipose tissue
skeletal muscle
heart muscle
insulin resnsitive transporter, if insulin is present; Glut 4 transporters INCREASE on the cell surface
glut 5
intestinal epithelium (and also spermatazoa)
this is a fructose transporter
Glut transporters ALL
the glut transporters takes and acts as a “glucose transport protein”
it takes glucose to the most important parts of the body
glut 1 and glut 3 are MOST IMPORTANT
glut 2… liver kidney and pancrease
glut 4… adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, (heart muscle too) this is the INSULIN SENSITIVE ONE
what gets glucose first in the body
brain
blood
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
glycogen metabolism
happens in the cytosol of the cells
this is for when we want to store glucose or use reserves
Glycogenesis
OR
Glycogenolysis
the formation of / or breakdown of glycogen
Important metabolites:
glucokinase (liver) /// hexokinase
What upregulates glycogen?
INsulin
… it will encourage glucose uptake into cells and glycogen formation
insulin does what to glycogenisis and glycogenolysis
insulin will increase glycogenesis
(the storage of glucose)
insulin will INHIBIT glycogenolysis
(inhibit the breakdown of glycogen into glucose)
Proinsulin is converted to insulin by what…
proteolytic cleavage
removing the C peptide and a few amino acid residues
