Practice Test Questions Flashcards
alanine and aspartate….
both precursors to ALT and AST
Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferse
liver metabolism
can be a sign of liver failure or damage or disease
coccidiodomycosis
Valley fever
cauased by fungus
endospores in the lungs
spherules containing endospores
hepatic portal circulation
collect absorbed nutrnets or metabolic processing in the LIVER
chronic ganulomatous disease… what goes wrong in the body following…
defective functioning of phagocytic neutrophils and monocytes
because of inability to produce hydrogen peroxide
classic form of chronic granulomatous disease affects boys and causes death ebfore the page og 10
eosinophilia
is an increase in the number of esosinophils in the blood
this is associated with parasitic infections
specifically WORMS
malaria
parasitic inection of RBC…. leads to anemia
viral infections result in
lymphocytosis
Gluconeogenesis
liver process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
Precursors: lactate, glycerol, and amino acids
What kind of energy does the brain use
glucose
striated muscle can produce what kind of fuel source:
GLUCOSE… from glycogen
through the process of: glycogenolysis
Toxic shock syndrome microorganism…
staph aureus
(and sometimes staph pyogenes)
STAPHlooccus aureus
the organism that colonizes tampons that leads to TSS
STREPtococcus pyogenes
secrete extotoxin A and B
can affect either sex/gender,
erysipleas
caused by a dermal streptococci (s pyogenes) infection of the face and scalp…
has a butterfly distrubution
neonatal impetigo
caused by staph that produces epidermolytic toxin…
why can staph aureus spread in athletic equipment
it is resistant to salt
AND its growth is not inhibited by sweat
Matrix of Mitochodria
inner mitochondrial membrane: invaginated membrane
matrix of mitochondria:
- krebs cycle / citric acid cycle
elastic fibers are where
skin, lungs and blood vessel walls
this allows tissues to stretch and recoil
simple columnar epithelium is found…
in the digestive tract
reticular fibers are found…
in lymphoid organs
and support the soft tissue of these organss
simple squamous epithelium lines
the air sacs of lungs and blood vessels
(but they dont allow for elasticity!)
desmosomes
provide strong adhesion between cells
Esp in tissues that experience stress – like cardiac muscle tissue
transport proteins
provide TRANSPORT not structure
tight junctions
create a barrier to prevent the leakage of molecultes betwen cells
BUT do not provide the same level of mechanical strength as desmosomes
organs or tissues prever to use ketone bodies like “acetoacetate” as fuel energy instead of glucose?
HEART MUSCLE
ANDDDD
renal cortex
the liver uses what for energy needs
it relies on fatty acids for energy
schistosoma is…
a parasitic worm
that can cause lesions during its reproductive stage
sensory afferent division
carries sensory information TO the CNS
somatic nervous system
controls voluntary muscle movements
hypertropohy
an increase in the size of cells
ex: enlarged skeletal muscle bc of repeated exericse, enlarged cardiac muscle bc of hypertension
hyperplasia
increase in something as a RESPONSE to something…
it can be pathologic or just abnormal and not pathologic
metaplasia
cell type changing from one to another
atrophy
a decrease in the size and function of cells
dysplasia
disorganized growth… and has atypical cells
(think actinic keratosis, or cervical dysplasia)
Glycoproteins:
proteoglycans
- heavily glycosylated proteins but associated with extracellular matrix
mucins
- extensively O-glycosylated with N-acetyl glagactosamine
simple glycoproteins
-less extensive…
…glycosaminoglycans
- polysaccaride chains that are attached to proteins to FORM proteoglycans….
lymphocyte development
lymphocyte developmetn…
- presentation of antigen
- B cell challenge
- antibody production
T lymphocytes
originate from the hematopoeitic stem cells in Red Bone marrow
and mature in the thymus
hyperlipiproteinemia
most frequent Mendelian disorder….
it is a mutation in the low density lipoprotein LDL receptor
causing increased LDL and cholesterol
albumin
is a plasma protein
it contributes to the colloid osmotic pressure to help retain water in the blood vessels
REDUCED albumin decreases the colloid osmotic pressure… which leads to a loss of fluid from the capillaries into the surrounding tissues – resulting in edema
types of joints
synovial joints are separated by a joint cavity…
they are considered to be DIARTHROTIC
cartilagenous joints
pubic symphysis (separated completely by cartilage)
Citric acid cycle
STUDY
elbow joint…
hinge joint… diarthrotic because it allows for flexion and extension
it is also uniaxial
Use of NSAIDS causes what kind of gastritis…
Acute gastritis
Cardiac Output
determines the blood flow through the entire vascular system
P type ATPases
Na+ and K+ ATP utilizes 1/3 of the organisms total ATP
Ca2+ ATP is the key enzyme in muscle contraction because it transports Ca2+ ions out of the cytoplasm
Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is required for muscle contraction
Arthus reaction
is a type of localized immune complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction Type III, hypersensitivity…
it occurs when antigen antibody complexes deposit in tissues and it leads to an inflammatory response
Histamine receptors
histamine receptors, or H2 receptors are located on PARIETAL CELLS
in the stomach lining….
when the receptors are blocked the production and secretion of stomach acid (HCl) is reduced
Chief Cells secrete…
secrete pepsinogen
surface epitheliacl cells
secrete mucous and bicarbonate
mucous neck cells
aslo secrete mucos but are NOT involved in acid secretion
Helicobactor pylori
small curved
gram negative rod
found in mucous overlying the surface / fovelar epithelium
Changes effect the antral or antral body fundic mucosa
STRONGLY ASSOCIATED with the development of stomach ulcers
chronic gastritis is characterized by what
the presence of lymphocytes and plasma cells
pancreatic amylase
breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars
pepsinogen
is an inactive enzyme precursor that is secreted by chief cells and is converted to pepsin in the acidic environemnt of the stomach
it is involved with protein digestion
pituitary adenoma
two types
- ACROMEGALY…. if in adults after closure of epiphyseal plates
- growth of distal extremities… growth of the skull and face bones - gigantism (if it occurs in children prior to closure of epiphyseal plates
death??? – usually cardiac failure!
cretinism
thyroid hormone deficiency
apoplexy
sudden loss of sensation and consciousness
- usually from pressure on the brain or infarction of the pituitary
Glycolysis cycle
Glucose
- (requires ATP)
Glucose 6 phosphate
- (requires ATP)
Fructose 6 phosphate
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (and DHAP) or dihydroacetone phosphate
THIS IS THE ENERGY REQUIRING PHASE
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
1.3 bisphosphoglycerate
- (this creates an ATP)
3 phosphoglycerate
2 phosphoglycerate
- release of H20
phosphoenolpyruvate
- (creates an ATP)
pyruvate
THIS IS THE ENERGY GIVING PHASE
- this happens twice, so 4 ATP are produced…. net ATP is 2
Regulatory T cells
maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by supressing immune responses
ENHANCING T reg activity is beneficial….
steriod hormones
lipid soluble and bind to large plasms proteins for transport into bloodstream
***they cannot pass through filtration membrane of kindneys (so they stay in the bloodstream longer and so they have a longer half life)`
toxoplasma gondii exposure is in…
eating rate meats and changing the cat’s litter box… increased risk of TOXOMPLASMOSIS (infection of the toxoplasma gondii)
CAT LITTER = TOXOMPLASMOSIS
how is a goiter formed
iodine deficiency…
or an enlargement of the thyroid gland; the thyroid gland needs iodine to synthesize thyroid homrones
When iodine intake is insufficient, they thyroid cannot poduce enough hormones… this leads to increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) release and the tyroid gland enlargement is an attempt to capture more iodine…
taenia saginata
tapeworm that infects humans in undercooked beef
cryptosporidium
protozoa that causes GI illness
subarachnoid hemorrhage is due to ….
berry aneurysms
commonly found in the Circle of Willis
between the anterior communicating artery with anterior cerebral artery OR
middle cerebral artery and posterior communicating artery
sxs:
“worst headache of my life”
bleeding in the subarachnoid space
vomitting,pain, stiffnes in nech
papilledema
DEATH (can happen rapidly)
What does 2,3 bidphosphoglycerate bind to
beta chains of deoxygenated hemoglobins in the hemoglobin molecule
*binding is facilitated by positively charged residues like HISTIDINE….
Arginine carries an even stronger positive charge becuase it has a higher pKa…
Histidine
histidine residues carry a positive charge at physiological pH
