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NPLEX > Practice Test Questions > Flashcards

Practice Test Questions Flashcards

1
Q

alanine and aspartate….

A

both precursors to ALT and AST

Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferse

liver metabolism

can be a sign of liver failure or damage or disease

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1
Q

coccidiodomycosis

A

Valley fever
cauased by fungus

endospores in the lungs

spherules containing endospores

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2
Q

hepatic portal circulation

A

collect absorbed nutrnets or metabolic processing in the LIVER

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3
Q

chronic ganulomatous disease… what goes wrong in the body following…

A

defective functioning of phagocytic neutrophils and monocytes

because of inability to produce hydrogen peroxide

classic form of chronic granulomatous disease affects boys and causes death ebfore the page og 10

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4
Q

eosinophilia

A

is an increase in the number of esosinophils in the blood

this is associated with parasitic infections

specifically WORMS

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5
Q

malaria

A

parasitic inection of RBC…. leads to anemia

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6
Q

viral infections result in

A

lymphocytosis

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7
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

liver process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

Precursors: lactate, glycerol, and amino acids

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8
Q

What kind of energy does the brain use

A

glucose

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9
Q

striated muscle can produce what kind of fuel source:

A

GLUCOSE… from glycogen

through the process of: glycogenolysis

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10
Q

Toxic shock syndrome microorganism…

A

staph aureus

(and sometimes staph pyogenes)

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11
Q

STAPHlooccus aureus

A

the organism that colonizes tampons that leads to TSS

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12
Q

STREPtococcus pyogenes

A

secrete extotoxin A and B

can affect either sex/gender,

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13
Q

erysipleas

A

caused by a dermal streptococci (s pyogenes) infection of the face and scalp…

has a butterfly distrubution

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14
Q

neonatal impetigo

A

caused by staph that produces epidermolytic toxin…

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15
Q

why can staph aureus spread in athletic equipment

A

it is resistant to salt

AND its growth is not inhibited by sweat

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16
Q

Matrix of Mitochodria

A

inner mitochondrial membrane: invaginated membrane

matrix of mitochondria:
- krebs cycle / citric acid cycle

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17
Q

elastic fibers are where

A

skin, lungs and blood vessel walls

this allows tissues to stretch and recoil

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18
Q

simple columnar epithelium is found…

A

in the digestive tract

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19
Q

reticular fibers are found…

A

in lymphoid organs

and support the soft tissue of these organss

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20
Q

simple squamous epithelium lines

A

the air sacs of lungs and blood vessels

(but they dont allow for elasticity!)

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21
Q

desmosomes

A

provide strong adhesion between cells

Esp in tissues that experience stress – like cardiac muscle tissue

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22
Q

transport proteins

A

provide TRANSPORT not structure

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23
Q

tight junctions

A

create a barrier to prevent the leakage of molecultes betwen cells

BUT do not provide the same level of mechanical strength as desmosomes

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24
Q

organs or tissues prever to use ketone bodies like “acetoacetate” as fuel energy instead of glucose?

A

HEART MUSCLE

ANDDDD

renal cortex

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25
Q

the liver uses what for energy needs

A

it relies on fatty acids for energy

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26
Q

schistosoma is…

A

a parasitic worm

that can cause lesions during its reproductive stage

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27
Q

sensory afferent division

A

carries sensory information TO the CNS

28
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary muscle movements

29
Q

hypertropohy

A

an increase in the size of cells

ex: enlarged skeletal muscle bc of repeated exericse, enlarged cardiac muscle bc of hypertension

30
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in something as a RESPONSE to something…

it can be pathologic or just abnormal and not pathologic

31
Q

metaplasia

A

cell type changing from one to another

32
Q

atrophy

A

a decrease in the size and function of cells

33
Q

dysplasia

A

disorganized growth… and has atypical cells

(think actinic keratosis, or cervical dysplasia)

34
Q

Glycoproteins:

A

proteoglycans
- heavily glycosylated proteins but associated with extracellular matrix

mucins
- extensively O-glycosylated with N-acetyl glagactosamine

simple glycoproteins
-less extensive…

…glycosaminoglycans
- polysaccaride chains that are attached to proteins to FORM proteoglycans….

35
Q

lymphocyte development

A

lymphocyte developmetn…

  1. presentation of antigen
  2. B cell challenge
  3. antibody production
36
Q

T lymphocytes

A

originate from the hematopoeitic stem cells in Red Bone marrow

and mature in the thymus

37
Q

hyperlipiproteinemia

A

most frequent Mendelian disorder….

it is a mutation in the low density lipoprotein LDL receptor

causing increased LDL and cholesterol

38
Q

albumin

A

is a plasma protein

it contributes to the colloid osmotic pressure to help retain water in the blood vessels

REDUCED albumin decreases the colloid osmotic pressure… which leads to a loss of fluid from the capillaries into the surrounding tissues – resulting in edema

39
Q

types of joints

A

synovial joints are separated by a joint cavity…

they are considered to be DIARTHROTIC

40
Q

cartilagenous joints

A

pubic symphysis (separated completely by cartilage)

41
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

STUDY

41
Q

elbow joint…

A

hinge joint… diarthrotic because it allows for flexion and extension

it is also uniaxial

41
Q

Use of NSAIDS causes what kind of gastritis…

A

Acute gastritis

41
Q

Cardiac Output

A

determines the blood flow through the entire vascular system

42
Q

P type ATPases

A

Na+ and K+ ATP utilizes 1/3 of the organisms total ATP

Ca2+ ATP is the key enzyme in muscle contraction because it transports Ca2+ ions out of the cytoplasm

Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is required for muscle contraction

43
Q

Arthus reaction

A

is a type of localized immune complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction Type III, hypersensitivity…

it occurs when antigen antibody complexes deposit in tissues and it leads to an inflammatory response

44
Q

Histamine receptors

A

histamine receptors, or H2 receptors are located on PARIETAL CELLS

in the stomach lining….

when the receptors are blocked the production and secretion of stomach acid (HCl) is reduced

45
Q

Chief Cells secrete…

A

secrete pepsinogen

46
Q

surface epitheliacl cells

A

secrete mucous and bicarbonate

47
Q

mucous neck cells

A

aslo secrete mucos but are NOT involved in acid secretion

48
Q

Helicobactor pylori

A

small curved

gram negative rod

found in mucous overlying the surface / fovelar epithelium

Changes effect the antral or antral body fundic mucosa

STRONGLY ASSOCIATED with the development of stomach ulcers

49
Q

chronic gastritis is characterized by what

A

the presence of lymphocytes and plasma cells

50
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars

51
Q

pepsinogen

A

is an inactive enzyme precursor that is secreted by chief cells and is converted to pepsin in the acidic environemnt of the stomach

it is involved with protein digestion

52
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

two types

  1. ACROMEGALY…. if in adults after closure of epiphyseal plates
    - growth of distal extremities… growth of the skull and face bones
  2. gigantism (if it occurs in children prior to closure of epiphyseal plates

death??? – usually cardiac failure!

53
Q

cretinism

A

thyroid hormone deficiency

54
Q

apoplexy

A

sudden loss of sensation and consciousness

  • usually from pressure on the brain or infarction of the pituitary
55
Q

Glycolysis cycle

A

Glucose
- (requires ATP)
Glucose 6 phosphate
- (requires ATP)
Fructose 6 phosphate
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (and DHAP) or dihydroacetone phosphate

THIS IS THE ENERGY REQUIRING PHASE

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
1.3 bisphosphoglycerate
- (this creates an ATP)
3 phosphoglycerate
2 phosphoglycerate
- release of H20
phosphoenolpyruvate
- (creates an ATP)
pyruvate

THIS IS THE ENERGY GIVING PHASE
- this happens twice, so 4 ATP are produced…. net ATP is 2

56
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by supressing immune responses

ENHANCING T reg activity is beneficial….

57
Q

steriod hormones

A

lipid soluble and bind to large plasms proteins for transport into bloodstream

***they cannot pass through filtration membrane of kindneys (so they stay in the bloodstream longer and so they have a longer half life)`

58
Q

toxoplasma gondii exposure is in…

A

eating rate meats and changing the cat’s litter box… increased risk of TOXOMPLASMOSIS (infection of the toxoplasma gondii)

CAT LITTER = TOXOMPLASMOSIS

58
Q

how is a goiter formed

A

iodine deficiency…

or an enlargement of the thyroid gland; the thyroid gland needs iodine to synthesize thyroid homrones

When iodine intake is insufficient, they thyroid cannot poduce enough hormones… this leads to increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) release and the tyroid gland enlargement is an attempt to capture more iodine…

59
Q

taenia saginata

A

tapeworm that infects humans in undercooked beef

60
Q

cryptosporidium

A

protozoa that causes GI illness

61
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage is due to ….
berry aneurysms

A

commonly found in the Circle of Willis

between the anterior communicating artery with anterior cerebral artery OR

middle cerebral artery and posterior communicating artery

sxs:
“worst headache of my life”
bleeding in the subarachnoid space
vomitting,pain, stiffnes in nech
papilledema
DEATH (can happen rapidly)

62
Q

What does 2,3 bidphosphoglycerate bind to

A

beta chains of deoxygenated hemoglobins in the hemoglobin molecule

*binding is facilitated by positively charged residues like HISTIDINE….

Arginine carries an even stronger positive charge becuase it has a higher pKa…

62
Q

Histidine

A

histidine residues carry a positive charge at physiological pH

63
Q
A

NPLEX (15 decks)

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