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NPLEX > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Microglial Cells

A
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2
Q

Astrocytes

A

glial cells in CNS

maintain the BBB and provide support to neurons

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3
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
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4
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form the myelin sheath in CNS

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5
Q

Satellite cells

A

PNS

cling to neurons, synaptic endings and capillaries

provide support and nutrients to the cell bodies of neurons

**NO regeneration – this is shwann

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6
Q

Schwann Cells

A

PNS

surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form meylin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers

VITAL to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

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7
Q

neuron cell body

A

Nuclei : clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS

Ganglia: clusders of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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8
Q

Neuron processes

A

Tract: bundle of neuron processes in CNS

Nerves: bundles of neuron processes in PNS

two types of processes:
1. dendrites
2. Axon

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9
Q

Resting state

A

all Na+ and K+ channels are closed

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10
Q

activation gates

A

open with depolarization… this allows Na+ to enter cell

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11
Q

inactivation gates

A

open at rest, blocks channel once it is open to prevent more Na+ from entering cell

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12
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ channels open
- depolarizing local currents open the voltage gated Na+ channels…. and Na+ RUSHES INTO CELL

Na+ activation & inaction gates open

Na+ influx causes more depolarization which opens more Na+ channels

@threshold… -55 to -50 V, positive feedback causes opening of all Na+ channels
- this causes a large action potential spoke
- membrane polarity jumps to +3V

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13
Q

Repolarization

A

Na+ channels are inactivating and K+ channels open

Na+ channel inactivation gates close…

voltage gated K+ channels open

REPOLARIZATION: when membrane returns to resting membrane potential

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14
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

some K+ channels remain open and Na+ channels reset

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15
Q

Ca2+ entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter

A

Ca2+ causes synaptotagmin protein to react with SNARE proteins …. which control fusion of synaptic vesicles with axon membrane

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16
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia

A

collection of nerve fiber cell bodies in the Sympathetic chain

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17
Q

Visceral motor neurons located in the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord from…

A

T1-L2

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18
Q

axons can take three different paths

A

can exit at different levels of the nerves

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19
Q

Splanchnic nerve

A

Sympathetic nerve…

coming AWAY from the sympathetic chain…

outside

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20
Q

Preganglionic nerves… SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC release….?

A

release Acetylcholine

21
Q

Sweat glands, and certain blood vessels release…

A

Acetylcholine…

22
Q

POST-ganglionic sympathetic nerves release…

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

23
Q

which amino acid leads to the synthesis of Ne and EPI

A

tyrosine

24
Q

tyrosine to NE pathway

A

Tyrosine… DOPA… Dopamine… Norepinephrine

25
Q

alpha

A

located on blood vessels – vasoconstriction

26
Q

beta-1

A

beta constrictors
force of muscle contraction

activation – increases HR and contractility

27
Q

Beta-2

A

cause vasodilation
anything that gets upregulated

activation – bronchial dialtion, dialtion of blood vessels in skeletal muscle and glycogenolysis

28
Q

Occulomotor Nerve

A

Fibers to pupillary pshincters and ciliary muscle

29
Q

Facial Nerve

A

CN 7

fibers to nasal, lacrimal and submandibular gland

30
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

CN 9

fibers to parotid gland

31
Q

vagus N

A

CN 10

motor inputs to visceral organs

32
Q

sacral segments

A

fibers to descending colon
rectum
bladder
and genitalia

33
Q

Parasympathetic Functions

A

nerves release Acetylcholine (ACh) at nerve endings

these are CHOLINERGIC nerves

ALL preganglionic sympathetic nerves release acetylcholine….

ALL postganglionic sympathetic nerves release ACh…

34
Q

ACh stimulates… what?

A

ACh stimulates nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

35
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

located in synapses between pre and post ganglionic neurons and at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

part of the sympathetic nervous system
voluntary muscle coordinator

BETWEEN pre and post neurons for sympathetic and parasympathetic

36
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

Located at ALL effectors cell stimulated by post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers

only at effector organs

37
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

heart – beta 1

lung – beta 2

stomach – alpha

38
Q

sweat gland receptors

A

acetylcholine

39
Q

Structures of the brain

A
40
Q

Ascending tract

A
41
Q

Descending Tract

A
42
Q

Brainstem questions….

A

are most often the medulla!

43
Q

Brain Stem parts & function

A
44
Q

Endoderm

A

glands, other organs,

45
Q

Mesoderm

A

muscles, bones, connective tissues

46
Q

Ectoderm

A

three parts:
1. Neural crest
2. Neuroectoderm (brain and spinal cord)
3. Surface Ectoderm

menstrual cycle & vision… pituitary – FSH, LH, pituitary adenoma… crosses the optic chiasm

47
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

balances menstrual cycle

48
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa

A
49
Q

ischemia

A

generalized decreased blood flow
shock, cardiac arrest, hypoxic episodes

** the purkinje cells of the cerebellum and pyramidal neurons of sommer’s sector in the hippocampus – sensitive to ischemic damage and are likely to demonstrate damage

NPLEX (15 decks)

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