Neuro

Question 1

Microglial Cells

Question 2

Astrocytes

Answer 2

glial cells in CNS

maintain the BBB and provide support to neurons

Question 3

Ependymal Cells

Question 4

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 4

form the myelin sheath in CNS

Question 5

Satellite cells

Answer 5

PNS

cling to neurons, synaptic endings and capillaries

provide support and nutrients to the cell bodies of neurons

**NO regeneration – this is shwann

Question 6

Schwann Cells

Answer 6

PNS

surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form meylin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers

VITAL to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

Question 7

neuron cell body

Answer 7

Nuclei : clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS

Ganglia: clusders of neuron cell bodies in PNS

Question 8

Neuron processes

Answer 8

Tract: bundle of neuron processes in CNS

Nerves: bundles of neuron processes in PNS

two types of processes:
1. dendrites
2. Axon

Question 9

Resting state

Answer 9

all Na+ and K+ channels are closed

Question 10

activation gates

Answer 10

open with depolarization… this allows Na+ to enter cell

Question 11

inactivation gates

Answer 11

open at rest, blocks channel once it is open to prevent more Na+ from entering cell

Question 12

Depolarization

Answer 12

Na+ channels open
- depolarizing local currents open the voltage gated Na+ channels…. and Na+ RUSHES INTO CELL

Na+ activation & inaction gates open

Na+ influx causes more depolarization which opens more Na+ channels

@threshold… -55 to -50 V, positive feedback causes opening of all Na+ channels
- this causes a large action potential spoke
- membrane polarity jumps to +3V

Question 13

Repolarization

Answer 13

Na+ channels are inactivating and K+ channels open

Na+ channel inactivation gates close…

voltage gated K+ channels open

REPOLARIZATION: when membrane returns to resting membrane potential

Question 14

Hyperpolarization

Answer 14

some K+ channels remain open and Na+ channels reset

Question 15

Ca2+ entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter

Answer 15

Ca2+ causes synaptotagmin protein to react with SNARE proteins …. which control fusion of synaptic vesicles with axon membrane

Question 16

sympathetic chain ganglia

Answer 16

collection of nerve fiber cell bodies in the Sympathetic chain

Question 17

Visceral motor neurons located in the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord from…

Answer 17

T1-L2

Question 18

axons can take three different paths

Answer 18

can exit at different levels of the nerves

Question 19

Splanchnic nerve

Answer 19

Sympathetic nerve…

coming AWAY from the sympathetic chain…

outside

Question 20

Preganglionic nerves… SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC release….?

Answer 20

release Acetylcholine

Question 21

Sweat glands, and certain blood vessels release…

Answer 21

Acetylcholine…

Question 22

POST-ganglionic sympathetic nerves release…

Answer 22

Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 23

which amino acid leads to the synthesis of Ne and EPI

Answer 23

tyrosine

Question 24

tyrosine to NE pathway

Answer 24

Tyrosine… DOPA… Dopamine… Norepinephrine

Question 25

alpha

Answer 25

located on blood vessels – vasoconstriction

Question 26

beta-1

Answer 26

beta constrictors
force of muscle contraction

activation – increases HR and contractility

Question 27

Beta-2

Answer 27

cause vasodilation
anything that gets upregulated

activation – bronchial dialtion, dialtion of blood vessels in skeletal muscle and glycogenolysis

Question 28

Occulomotor Nerve

Answer 28

Fibers to pupillary pshincters and ciliary muscle

Question 29

Facial Nerve

Answer 29

CN 7

fibers to nasal, lacrimal and submandibular gland

Question 30

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 30

CN 9

fibers to parotid gland

Question 31

vagus N

Answer 31

CN 10

motor inputs to visceral organs

Question 32

sacral segments

Answer 32

fibers to descending colon
rectum
bladder
and genitalia

Question 33

Parasympathetic Functions

Answer 33

nerves release Acetylcholine (ACh) at nerve endings

these are CHOLINERGIC nerves

ALL preganglionic sympathetic nerves release acetylcholine….

ALL postganglionic sympathetic nerves release ACh…

Question 34

ACh stimulates… what?

Answer 34

ACh stimulates nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Question 35

Nicotinic receptors

Answer 35

located in synapses between pre and post ganglionic neurons and at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

part of the sympathetic nervous system
voluntary muscle coordinator

BETWEEN pre and post neurons for sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 36

muscarinic receptors

Answer 36

Located at ALL effectors cell stimulated by post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers

only at effector organs

Question 37

adrenergic receptors

Answer 37

heart – beta 1

lung – beta 2

stomach – alpha

Question 38

sweat gland receptors

Answer 38

acetylcholine

Question 39

Structures of the brain

Answer 39

Question 40

Ascending tract

Answer 40

Question 41

Descending Tract

Answer 41

Question 42

Brainstem questions….

Answer 42

are most often the medulla!

Question 43

Brain Stem parts & function

Answer 43

Question 44

Endoderm

Answer 44

glands, other organs,

Question 45

Mesoderm

Answer 45

muscles, bones, connective tissues

Question 46

Ectoderm

Answer 46

three parts:
1. Neural crest
2. Neuroectoderm (brain and spinal cord)
3. Surface Ectoderm

menstrual cycle & vision… pituitary – FSH, LH, pituitary adenoma… crosses the optic chiasm

Question 47

Anterior pituitary

Answer 47

balances menstrual cycle

Question 48

Middle Cranial Fossa

Answer 48

Question 49

ischemia

Answer 49

generalized decreased blood flow
shock, cardiac arrest, hypoxic episodes

** the purkinje cells of the cerebellum and pyramidal neurons of sommer’s sector in the hippocampus – sensitive to ischemic damage and are likely to demonstrate damage