ALL Flashcards
B VITAMINS
Clotting Cascade
Cervical Plexus
Atlas
has no vertebral body or spinous process
instead, it has lateral masses for articulation with the occiput of the head and the second cervical vertebra (the Axis)
Axis
has a bony projection from the anterior portion called the dens, or the odontoid process, which articulates with the atlas
it is the primary weight-bearing bone of upper cervical region
Lumbar plexus
Lumbar plexus origin and location
The origin of the lumbar plexus is within the psoas major muscle, anterior to the lumbar transverse processes. The dorsolumbar nerve, which joins the anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1, contributes to the creation of the lumbar plexus via the anterior ramus of spinal nerve T12. The iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves are derived from a single trunk formed by these roots (T12, L1). The anterior rami of L1 and L2 each have a branch that merge to form the genitofemoral nerve.
Nerves
The lumbar plexus allows nerves to combine at different levels to create multiple functioning nerves that serve to innervate various structures. The nerves that arise from the lumbar plexus are listed below, from superior to inferior.
heart anatomy
heart chambers & directions of flow
Heart valves
Heart innervation
Layers of the heart wall
Pituitary gland
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Pituitary_Gland?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal
Anterior pituitary (AP): Largest part of the gland. The hypophyseal portal system (a system of blood vessels) connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary, allowing endocrine communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland[5]. Six hormones are secreted from the AP , each with a specific functions and target organs:
Growth hormone (somatotropin)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin
Posterior pituitary: The posterior pituitary is connected directly to the hypothalamus via a nerve tract (hypothalamohypophyseal nerve tract). Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones are synthesised in the hypothalamus and travel down the nerve tract to be released in the posterior pituitary.[6]
Heart conduction & Nerve supply
The sinus node is the heart’s natural pacemaker. The sinus node is a cluster of cells situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium. The electrical impulses are generated there. (The sinus node is also called the sinoatrial node.)
The electrical signal generated by the sinus node moves from cell to cell down through the heart until it reaches the atrioventricular node (the AV node), a cluster of cells situated in the center of the heart between the atria and ventricles.
The AV node serves as a gate that slows the electrical current before the signal is permitted to pass down through to the ventricles. This delay ensures that the atria have a chance to fully contract before the ventricles are stimulated. After passing the AV node, the electrical current travels to the ventricles along special fibers embedded in the walls of the lower part of the heart.
The autonomic nervous system (the same part of the nervous system as controls the blood pressure) controls the firing of the sinus node to trigger the start of the cardiac cycle. The autonomic nervous system can transmit a message quickly to the sinus node so it in turn can increase the heart rate to twice normal within only 3 to 5 seconds. This quick response is important during exercise when the heart has to increase its beating speed to keep up with the body’s increased demand for oxygen.[11]
Pituitary gland hormones
Brainstem anatomy
