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NPLEX > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gene that is expressed at the base of limbs in a zone of polarizing activity?

A

SHH (sonic hedgehog gene)

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2
Q

MCH1 likes to bind to what type of T cell

A

CD8 Killer cells

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3
Q

What does the SHH gene do?

A

The sonic hedgehog gene regulates patterning along the anterior-posterior axis.

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4
Q

MCH 2 (II) binds to what kind of cells?

A

CD4 helper T cells

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5
Q

What two layers make up the bilaminar embryonic disc?

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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6
Q

What layer develops into ALLLL

A

Epiblast

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7
Q

Yolk sac will develop into what?

A

Allantois

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8
Q

The embryo exists as a bilaminar disk during the _______ week of development.

A

2nd

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9
Q

Describe the shunts of fetal circulation?

A
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10
Q

What structures are you bypassing in fetal circulation?

A

the liver once and the lungs twice….
(meaning you avoid using the liver in one of the shunts, and the lungs in two of the shunts)

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11
Q

the first pharyngeal cleft becomes what?

A

the external auditory meatus

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12
Q

The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pharyngeal cleft becomes what?

A

temporary cervical sinuses
they are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme

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13
Q

During fetal development, _____ typically forms the CNS and brain, while _____ typically forms the PNS and non-neural structures nearby.

A

Neuroectoderm
neural crest cells

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14
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

CN 5
Trigeminal - mandibular branch, muscles of mastication

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15
Q

Pharyngeal arch 2; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

CN 7
Facial
ADD MORE

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16
Q

Arch 3; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

CN 9
Glossopharyngeal
ADD MORE

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17
Q

Arch 4; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

CN 9 and 10
VAGUS
Superior laryngeal N
ADD MORE

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18
Q

Arch 4; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

CN 10
VAGUS N; Superior laryngeal branch

Muscles: pahryngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini
- posterior 1/3 tongue
Cartilage: thyroid

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19
Q

The fetal component of the placenta consists of which two cell types?

A

Cytotrophoblast; syncytiotrophoblast

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20
Q

Pharyngeal Arch 6; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

SPEAK; Speech

VAGUS; recurrent and inferior laryngeal branch
MUscles: all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
Cartilage: sing and act, AND THYROID

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21
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch

A

EAR

Middle ear cavity, eustachain tube, mastoid aid cells
- contributes to endoderm-lined structures of the ear

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22
Q

2nd pharyngeal pouch

A

tonsils
- epithelial lining of palatine tonsils

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23
Q

3rd pharyngeal pouch

A

inferior parathroids, thymus
- dorsal wings - inferior parathyroids
- ventral wings - thymus

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24
Q

4th pharyngeal pouch

A

Superior Parathyroids
Dorsal wings - superior parathyroids
Ventral wings - parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid

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25
Q

The umbilical cord contains how many umbilical arteries and umbilical veins?

A

Two arteries and one vein

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26
Q

Do the umbilical arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Deoxygenated blood

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27
Q

AFAB

A

default development (if no androgens present)
- mesonephric duct degenerates and the male remnantis appendix testes

  • paramesonephric (mullerian) duct develops – develops into female internal structures
    –> these are the fallopian tubes, uterus, proximal vagina
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28
Q

distal vagina is from what…

A

urogenital sinus

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29
Q

AMAB

A

needs androgens to develop
- paramesonephric duct DEgenerates (female remnant is gartner duct)

  • mesonephric (Wolffian) duct develops – develops into male internal structures (except prostate)
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30
Q

SEED in AMAB stands for…

A

Seminal Vesicles
Epididymis
Ejaculatory duct
Ductus deferens

31
Q

SRY gene of __ chromosome….

A

of the Y chromosome

produces testis determining factor
this leads ot testes development

32
Q

Sertoli cells secrete

A

Mulerian inhibitor factor

this suppresses developmnet of paramesonephric duct

33
Q

Leydig cells secrete _______

A

androgens

which stimulate development of mesonephric duct

34
Q

Briefly describe the sexual differentiation flow chart

A
35
Q

W hat is the order of branchial apparatus components, from outside to inside?

A

Clefts, Arches, Pouches (remember: CAP covers outside from inside)

36
Q

Gubernaculum –

band of fibrous tissue

A

Male Remnant – anchors
testes within scrotum * Female Remnant – ovarian
ligament + round ligament of
uterus

37
Q

Processus vaginalis – fibrous tissue evagination of peritoneum

A

Male Remnant – forms tunica vaginalis
- Pouch of serous membrane
that covers the testes

Female Remnant – obliterated

38
Q

Describe the steps of chamber septation?

A
  1. septum primum grows
  2. ostium primum narroes
  3. ostium secundum forms in septum primum
  4. septum secundum deveops on R side of septum primum
  5. septum secundum expands and covers most of ostium secundum
  6. septum primum that remains forms a one-way valve of foramen ovale
  7. Septum primum closes against septum secundum – this seals foramen ovale
  8. septum secundum and primum fuse during infancy forming atrial septum
39
Q

The VENTRICLE septation of chambers

A
  1. Muscular interventricular septum forms
    Opening is interventricular foramen
  2. Aorticopulmonary septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum to form membranous interventricular septum
    (closing interventricular foramen)
  3. Growth of endocardial cushions separates atria from ventricles and contributes to both atrial septation and membranous portion of interventricular septum
40
Q

Ascending aorta / Pulmonary trunk… formation

A

Truncal and bulbar ridges spiral and fuse to form; arise from neural crest cell migrations

41
Q

Aortic and pulmonary valve formation

A

Endocardial cushions of outflow tract

42
Q

Mitral / Tricuspid valves formation

A

Fused endocardial cushions of AV canal

43
Q

Truncus arteriosis gives rise to what adult structure

A

ascending aorta
pulmonary trunk

44
Q

Name the three shunts

A

Ductus Venosus
Foramen ovale
Pulmonary trunk

INSTEAD OF THE LIVER and LUNG, LUNG

45
Q

What does the FUNCTION of the lung come from?

A

ENDODERM

46
Q

What 2 layers does the lung come from?

A

mesoderm
endoderm (most of the function of lung)

47
Q

Gastrylation of Lungs

A
48
Q

Budding of lungs @4th WEEK

A
49
Q

Budding of lungs @5th WEEK

A
50
Q

Pseudoglandular period

A
51
Q

Canicular to Saccular

A
52
Q

When is a fetus viable or able to live outside of the womb?

A

36 weeks

53
Q

GI development Foregut

A

Esophagus to duodenum at the level of pancreatic duct and common bile duct insertion (ampulla of vater)

54
Q

GI development Midgut

A
  • Lower duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
  • Week 6: physiologic herniation of midgut through umbilical ring
  • Week 10: returns to abdominal cavity and rotates 270 degrees counterclockwise around superior mesenteric
    artery (SMA)
55
Q

GI development Hindgut

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to anal canal above pectinate line

56
Q

Neural Development

A

Notochord induces ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate
- notochord becomes nucleus pulposis of intervertebral discs

neural plate – neural tube and neural crest cells

lateral walls of neural tube are divied into plates
1. alar plate (dorsal)
Basal plate (ventral) – motor, induced by SHH sonic hedgehog

57
Q

Nephrogenesis

A
  • Ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum)
  • Derived from caudal end of mesonephric duct
  • Ureter, pelvises, calyces, collecting ducts
  • Finalized by week 10

Metanephric mesenchyme (metanephric blastema)
- Interacts with ureteric bud to induce
differentiation and formation of glomerulus through to DCT

Ureteropelvic junction
- Last to canalize

57
Q

Urologic Development, Kidney

A

Pronephros – degenerates

Mesonephros – interim kidney during 1st trimester
1. Males / Wolffian duct / ductus deferens and epididymis

Metanephros
- Permanent Nephrogenesis complete by week 36

57
Q

Fetal Erythropoiesis

A

Young liver synthessizes blood…

Y Yolk sac
L Liver
S Spleen
B Bone marrow

58
Q

Fetal Hemoglobin Development

A

Alpha (always)
Gamma (goes)
Beta (becomes)

HbF fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen (than maternal hemoglobin across the placenta)

59
Q

Blood Types are an example of ….

A

Co-dominance

60
Q

Type O blood

A

antigens on surface of RBC – NONE

Anti-A, AND Anti-B ANTIBODIES in plasma

“universal donor”

O- can give to anyone, but only recieve from O-

61
Q

Type AB blood

A

antigens on surface of RBC – A & B

NO antibodies in plasma

“universal receiver”

AB+ can receive from any; can only give to AB+

62
Q

Rh + vs -

A

ADD MORE

63
Q

Aortic Pulmonary AP Septum

A

Neural crest cells migrate from the hindbrain region through pharyngeal arches 3, 4 & 6 and invade both the truncal ridges and bulbar ridge

The truncal & bulbar ridges grow and twist around one another in a spiral fashion to eventually fuse into the AP septum

The AP septum divides the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis into the aorta and pulmonary trunk

64
Q

Patient Truncus Arteriosus (PTA)

A

caused by abnormal neural crest cell migration so there is only partial development of the AP septum

One large vessel leaves the heart and receives
blood from both the R&L ventricles

It’s usually accompanied by a membranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) and cyanosis from a R à L shunting of blood

Pts would NEED surgical treatment

65
Q

Clinical L-transposition of the great arteries

A

aorta and pulmonary trunk are transposed and the ventricels are inverted (the anatomical RV lies on the left side and the anatomical LV lies on the right side)

these major deviations offset one another so that blood flow pattern is normal

66
Q

Teratalogy of Fallot (TF) ***

A

abnormal neural crest cell migration (skewed development of AP septum)

pulmonary trunk – small diameter
Aorta – large diameter

4 classic malformations:
1. Pulmonary stenosis
2. Right ventricular hypertrophy
3. Overriding aorta
4. Ventricular septal defect
(NEMONIC) = PROVE

infants ahve marked syanosis (or R–> L shunting of blood)

67
Q

AV Atrioventricular septum

A

dorsal AV & ADD MORE

68
Q

AVSD

A

ADD MORE

69
Q
A
70
Q

Interventricular IV septum

A

ADD MORE

71
Q

IV Septal Defects (VSDs)

A

depends on the size and severity of hole

72
Q

PDA ***

A

common in premature infacnts and maternal rubella infection

ductus arteriosus fails to close between the L pulmonary artery and aorta

normally closes within a few hours after birth through smooth muscle contraction to ultimately form the ligamentum arteriosum

can be treated with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors

NPLEX (15 decks)

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