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326 > Reproductive Organs and the Pelvic Floor > Flashcards

Reproductive Organs and the Pelvic Floor Flashcards

1
Q

Pelvic floor function

A

trampoline supporting organs of pelvis

crucial to continence (bladder and bowel control) and sexual function

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2
Q

3 groups of pelvic diaphragm muscles

A
  • Pelvic diaphgram
  • The urogenital diaphgram
  • The sphincters and erectile muscles of the urogenital tract
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3
Q

What is the levator ani group

A

most significant muscle of the pelvic diaphragm. tonically contracted continuously to support weight of abdominopelvic viscera. contracts actively in response to coughing, sneezing, forced expiration, and vomiting. relaxation of these muscles allow for urination and defecation.

comprised of 3 individual muscles:
* Puborectalis
* Pubococcygeus
* Iliococcygeus

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4
Q
  • What is a common consequence of vaginal baby delivery?
  • What are the common muscles injured?
  • What are the symptoms observed by these patients
A
  • pelvic floor injury
  • puborectalis and pubococcygeus
  • incontinence and sexual dysfunction
  • 2 fold increase in risk for pelvic floor dysfunction compared to c section; measured 20 years after birth
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5
Q

Uterus
* function
* weight
* different portions

A
  • contains the developing fetus
  • 50-200g in a non-pregnant female; expands tremendously, and weighs ~1kg at birth
  • The fundus (top part) is
    connected to the ovaries via the Fallopian tubes
  • The cervix (neck) is connected to the vagina
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6
Q

The expansion of the uterus during pregnancy can compress adjacent organs and create complications during pregnancy. What are some of the complications?

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Heartburn
  • Reduced stomach capacity
  • Impaired intestinal
    transit and constipation
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7
Q

What is the function of the broad ligament of the uterus. What is it made of?

A

Extends from the sides of the uterus to the lateral wall and floor of the pelvis, holding the uterus in position

sheet like fold of peritoneum

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8
Q

What is the function and location of the round ligament of the uterus. What is it made of?

When a person has round ligament pain, what is usually the cause?

A

Extends from the lateral aspects (horns, cornu) of the uterus to the labium majorum

true ligament

round ligament pain: weight of uterus tugs on ligaments

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9
Q

if the uterine ligaments and pelvic floor muscles are damaged, what can occur

A

uterine is unsupported and can prolapse

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10
Q

uterine tubes
* function
* parts

A

transport the fertilized ovum from the ovaries to the body of the uterus.

from closest to uterus to furthest: Intramural, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum

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11
Q

Ectopic pregnancy
* what is it
* what can it be mistaken for and why

A

tubal pregnancy resulting in embryo death; egg implants into fallopian tube

dangerous for mother, tube can burst

Appendix lies very close to the right ovary and right uterine tube – tubal pregnancy can be misdiagnosed as appendicitis.

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12
Q

vagina function

A

Facilitates childbirth, menstruation, sexual intercourse, and sexual pleasure

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13
Q

Clinical importance of the cervix

A
  • Dilates during labour to admit the passage of the baby into the birth canal
  • Is checked routinely for changes indicative of cervical cancer via Pap smear
    *separates uterus and vagina
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14
Q

Describe the apperance of a normal cervix and a cervix with HPV infection/cervical cancer

A
  • Smooth, glistening muscosal surface
  • Cervical os (cervical opening) is small and round: in nulliparous woman (never gave birth)

cervical os can be wider, there can be damage to the cervix

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15
Q

vulva

and its components

A

all of the external female genitalia

mons pubis
prepuce
clitoris
labia minora
labia majora
external urethral orfice
vaginal orfice
bartholin glands
fourchette

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16
Q

what are erectile bodies

A

tissue containing vascular
spaces/sinuses that can become engorged with blood (in tumescence).

17
Q

What are the 4 types of female genital mutilation

A
  1. clitoridectomy
  2. excision (clitoris + more)
  3. infibulation (sewing vagina shut)
  4. other
18
Q

primary erectile bodies of the penis are called what? what is their function and location

A

corpora cavernosa
(singular, corpus cavernosum)

spaces that can become engorged with blood. provide most of the engorgement (when compared to corpus spongiosum)

lies dorsally (when you are at a urinal looking down, you’re looking at the dorsal side of the penis)

19
Q

corpus spongiosum
* where
* what passes through it
* continuous with what

A

lies ventrally in penis

urethra passes through the corpus spongiosum

The corpos spongiosum is continuous with the glans; both have less tunical covering relative to the corpus cavernosum

20
Q

Where is the levator ani muscle in men

A

base of the penis

21
Q

Penis transverse view

What is it wrapped in?

A

most ventral: corpus spongiosum

lateral and posterior (dorsal) to corpus spongiosum: corpora cavernosa

wrapped in buck’s fascia

22
Q

Which surface of the penis is dorsal vs ventral?

A

dorsal: what you see when you’re at a urinal looking down.

ventral:

23
Q

penis divisions

A

root (2 crura and 1 bulb)

body (from root to glans)

glans

corpus cavernosa

corpus spongiosum

24
Q

What covers the penile glans

A

prepuce (foreskin)

25
Q

What are the perceived/potential benefits and risks with circumcision

A

Perceived/potential benefits: reduced risk of urinary tract infection, penile cancer, and sexually transmitted infection (including HIV)

  • Risks: infection, permanent disfiguration,
    impaired sexual pleasure or function
26
Q

urethra
* path of travel
* 4 parts

A
  • extends from the internal urethral orifice of the bladder to the external urethral orifice of the glans

proximal to distal:
* Preprostatic (intramural) urethra: Surrounded by the internal urethral sphincter
* Prostatic urethra
* Membranous urethra: Surrounded by the external urethral sphincter
* Spongy (penile) urethra

27
Q

What is the importance of the prosthatic urethra (what does it contain, what can affect it?)

A
  • Contains the urethral crest, where prostatic ducts open bilaterally
  • Contains the seminal colliculus, where the ejaculatory ducts open bilaterally (ejaculatory duct: formed by the merger of the seminal vesicle duct with the vas deferens)
  • Affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia, a non-cancerous increase in prostate size (age related)
28
Q

What are some symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A
  • Waking up in the night to
    urinate
  • Urinary hesitancy
  • Intermittent urine flow
29
Q

Along the spongy urethra, what glands and openings can you find?

A
  • Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
    eject lubricating fluid into the urethra
  • Two openings increase the size of the
    urethra, the ampulla (proximally) and the
    navicular fossa (distally, in the glans)
30
Q

Describe the path of sperm

A

Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules —> rete testes – (separated by the tunica vaginalis)–> epididymis (head: storage; body: maturation; tail: exit) —> vas deferens

travel behind the bladder

merges with the seminal gland to form the ejaculatory duct –> seminal collicus –> prostatic urethra –> prostatic fluid from the prostate joins here –> membranous urethra –> spongy urethra

at the most proximal portion of the spongy urethra there are secretions from the bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands) (within external urethral sphincter)

seminal gland secretions: thick allkaline fluid rich in fructose and coagulation agents

prostatic fluid: thin, milky, 20% of semen by volume

bulbourethral gland secretions: mucus like

31
Q

What is the surgical form of birth control for women and men called?

A

women: tubal ligation
Ova that are released simply degenerate and are absorbed.

men: vas deferns ligation (vasectomy)

32
Q

Discuss the anatomical borders of the pelvic cavity

A

antero-inferior: weight bears the urinary bladder; bodies and rami of pubic bones and pubic symphysis

lateral pelvic walls: bony left and right hip bones + obturator membrane and obturator internus muscle

posterior wall: formed by piriformis

33
Q

What is the importance of the piriformis

A

sacral plexus is deep to/ embedded in the piriformis

34
Q

What lines the bladder walls and what is its function

A

detrusor muscle. relaxes to allow bladder to store urine. contracts to cause bladder to void its contents

35
Q

Describe the innervation of the bladder
* where do the fibres stem from
* function

A
  • sympathetic fibres stem from the caudal thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord level to pelvic plexus
  • parasympathetic fibres arise from sacral spinal cords. innervate detrusor muscles
  • increased urine content causes bladder stretch –> stimulates parasympathetic fibres –> internal urethral sphincter relaxes
36
Q

testosterone function

what synthesizes testosterone?

A

sex drive

fertility

development of bone and muscle mass

leydig cells

37
Q

where specifically in the testes is sperm synthesized

A

seminiferous tubules. sertoli cells line the epithelium of these tubules and hormonally facilitate the production of sperm by stimulating spermatogenic cells

38
Q

ovaries
* function

A

development of oocytes

endocrine function (produce estrogen, progesterone, even testosterone)

39
Q

layers of the uterus

A

outer to inner

perimetrium

myometrium

endometrium: where the fertilized egg will implant if conception is successful

326 (32 decks)

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