Introduction Lectures

Question 1

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 1

the process of bone development from hyaline cartilage

Question 2

Computed tomography

Answer 2

Radiological imaging created by the different density of body tissues and computer technology. Allows for multiple images whereas traditional x ray only produces one image

Question 3

X-ray

Answer 3

Radiological imaging created by the different density of body tissues

Question 4

CT Anagram

Answer 4

Anagram for when CT was generated concerning brian

air
fat
water
CSF
white matter
grey matter
congealed blood
bone

Question 5

gadolinium

Answer 5

ingested / injected contrast agent

Question 6

barium enema

Answer 6

contrast agent via rectum

Question 7

MRI

Answer 7

Magnetic resonance imaging - tissue contrast is based on proton behaviour (water vs fat content)

Question 8

T1 weighted MRI

Answer 8

enhances fatty tissue signal

Question 9

T2 weighted MRI

Answer 9

enhances water signal

Question 10

axial skeleton

Answer 10

head, neck, back, chest bones

Question 11

appendicular skeleton

Answer 11

non-axial bones

Question 12

What are 2 ways joints can be classified

Answer 12

histological and functional

Question 13

Describe the 3 categories of joints based on histological classification

Answer 13

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

Question 14

Describe the 3 categories of joints based on functional classification

Answer 14

synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis

Question 15

List the 3 types of synarthoris/fibrous joints

Answer 15

1. skull sutures
2. syndesmoses (ex: antebrachial interosseous membrane)
3. gomphoses (ex: periodontal ligament which occurs between a tooth and its socket)

Question 16

List the types of amphiarthrosis

Answer 16

1. synchondroses: bones united by hyaline cartilage (ex: epiphyseal plate)
   vs
   symphyses: bones united by fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis)
2. primary/temporary amphiarthrosis; joint is replaced by bone during development and then becomes synarthrosis
   vs
   secondary/permanent amphiarthrosis: cartilaginous joint that persists throughout adult life

Question 17

What are the 4 characteristics of synovial joints?

Answer 17

• specialized for movement
• enclosed by capsule
• lined by synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid
• ends of bones are covered by articulating cartilage

Question 18

List the 6 types of synovial joints

Answer 18

• hinge
• glide
• pivot
• ball and socket
• saddle
• condyloid

Question 19

arthroscopy

Answer 19

minimally invasive surgical procedure on a joint with a camera (arthroscope)

Question 20

arthroplasty

Answer 20

joint replacement - hemiarthroplasty replaces only the femoral head

Question 21

Origin/proximal attachment

Answer 21

does not move during contraction; red in textbooks

Question 22

Insertion/distal attachment

Answer 22

moves during contraction; blue in textbooks

Question 23

What is the importance of the myotendinous junction

Answer 23

where muscle injury typically occurs

Question 24

Why are hamstring strains so common

Answer 24

poor healing leading to point of vulnerability

long myotendinous junctions of biceps femoris proximal tendon increases vulnerability

contracts eccentrically at max length during gait cycle

Question 25

aponeuroses

Answer 25

flat sheets of tendon that anchor muscle to skeleton or deep fascia

Question 26

Hilton’s Law

Answer 26

a nerve that supplies muscle extending across and acting on a given joint will also supply muscle, joint capsule, and the skin overlying + distal to the muscle

this predicts sensory territory law

Question 27

paralysis

Answer 27

loss of function in muscle or movement

Question 28

weakness/paresis

Answer 28

partial loss of function in muscle or movement

Question 29

numbness

Answer 29

loss of sensation

Question 30

paresis

Answer 30

partial loss of sensation (abnormal sensation)

Question 31

list the vertebral body regions

Answer 31

C1-C7
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5

Question 32

Upper vs lower respiratory tract

Answer 32

upper: portion superior to vocal folds

lower: portion inferior to vocal folds