Introduction Lectures Flashcards
Endochondral Ossification
the process of bone development from hyaline cartilage
Computed tomography
Radiological imaging created by the different density of body tissues and computer technology. Allows for multiple images whereas traditional x ray only produces one image
X-ray
Radiological imaging created by the different density of body tissues
CT Anagram
Anagram for when CT was generated concerning brian
air
fat
water
CSF
white matter
grey matter
congealed blood
bone
gadolinium
ingested / injected contrast agent
barium enema
contrast agent via rectum
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging - tissue contrast is based on proton behaviour (water vs fat content)
T1 weighted MRI
enhances fatty tissue signal
T2 weighted MRI
enhances water signal
axial skeleton
head, neck, back, chest bones
appendicular skeleton
non-axial bones
What are 2 ways joints can be classified
histological and functional
Describe the 3 categories of joints based on histological classification
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
Describe the 3 categories of joints based on functional classification
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
List the 3 types of synarthoris/fibrous joints
- skull sutures
- syndesmoses (ex: antebrachial interosseous membrane)
- gomphoses (ex: periodontal ligament which occurs between a tooth and its socket)
List the types of amphiarthrosis
- synchondroses: bones united by hyaline cartilage (ex: epiphyseal plate)
vs
symphyses: bones united by fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis) - primary/temporary amphiarthrosis; joint is replaced by bone during development and then becomes synarthrosis
vs
secondary/permanent amphiarthrosis: cartilaginous joint that persists throughout adult life
What are the 4 characteristics of synovial joints?
- specialized for movement
- enclosed by capsule
- lined by synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid
- ends of bones are covered by articulating cartilage
List the 6 types of synovial joints
- hinge
- glide
- pivot
- ball and socket
- saddle
- condyloid
arthroscopy
minimally invasive surgical procedure on a joint with a camera (arthroscope)
arthroplasty
joint replacement - hemiarthroplasty replaces only the femoral head
Origin/proximal attachment
does not move during contraction; red in textbooks
Insertion/distal attachment
moves during contraction; blue in textbooks
What is the importance of the myotendinous junction
where muscle injury typically occurs
Why are hamstring strains so common
poor healing leading to point of vulnerability
long myotendinous junctions of biceps femoris proximal tendon increases vulnerability
contracts eccentrically at max length during gait cycle
aponeuroses
flat sheets of tendon that anchor muscle to skeleton or deep fascia
Hilton’s Law
a nerve that supplies muscle extending across and acting on a given joint will also supply muscle, joint capsule, and the skin overlying + distal to the muscle
this predicts sensory territory law
paralysis
loss of function in muscle or movement
weakness/paresis
partial loss of function in muscle or movement
numbness
loss of sensation
paresis
partial loss of sensation (abnormal sensation)
list the vertebral body regions
C1-C7
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5
Upper vs lower respiratory tract
upper: portion superior to vocal folds
lower: portion inferior to vocal folds
