Bones and Joints of Upper Limb Flashcards
What is the only upper limb bone that articulates with the axial skeleton
clavicle
What kind of bone is the clavicle?
long bone
Identify the following on the clavicle:
* sternal end
* shaft
* acromial end
* costal tuberosity/ tubercle
* groove for subclavius
* conoid tubercle
* trapezoid line
* impression for costoclavicular ligament
- medial end
- body
- lateral end
- attachment point of the inferior aspect of the sternal end of clavicle; aka impression of the costoclavicular ligament
Sternoclavicular joint
* joint type
* what bones articulate here
* what ligaments stabilize the joint
- synovial saddle joint
- sternal end of clavicle and manubrium of sternum
- anterior sternoclavicular ligament
- posterior sternoclavicular ligament
- interclavicular ligament
- costoclavicularligament
How can you tell the difference between the superior and inferior surface of the clavicular shaft
superior: smooth
inferior: rough (ligament attachment points)
Acromioclavicular joint
* type of joint
* what bones articulate here
* what ligaments stabilize the joint
- plane type synovial
- acromial end of clavicle and acromion
- acromioclavicular ligament, coracoclavicular ligament (conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament)
scapulothoracic joint
* type of joint
* formed by what
*permits what type of movement
- remember its a functional/ physiological joint not a bony one
- gliding of serratus anterior (lies over posterior rib cage) over subscapularis (anterior scapula)
- permits the movement of scapula over rib cage
What movements can occur at the glenohumeral joint
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
horizontal flexion
horizontal extension
internal rotation
external rotation
circumlocution/circumduction
What stabilizes the glenohumeral joint
- glenohumeral ligaments (superior, middle, inferior)
- coracohumeral ligament
Long head of bicieps tendon can be a stabilizer of the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity
*glenoid labrum (passive)
Define: shoulder dislocation
loss of articulation between the humeral head and glenoid fossa
Define: shoulder subluxation
partial loss of articulation
What type of shoulder dislocation is most common?
anterior
Differentiate between type 1, 2, and 3 shoulder separation
Type 1: stretch/mild tearing of acromioclavicular ligament
Type 2: complete tear of the acromioclavicular ligaments
Type 3: tear of the coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular
What is a step defect
seen after collarbone and shoulder blade separation (type 3)
What is a slap lesion
How can it occur?
superior labrum, anterior to posterior tear occurring where the biceps tendon anchors to the labrum.
Can be acute/traumatic (fall on outstretched arm, traction on arm) or chronic (due to labral degeneration through repetetitive overhead activity or aging)
can also affect biceps tendon
Identify on surface anatomy
- parts of the deltoid
- triceps brachii (long head, lateral head, medial head)
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
- brachioradialis
- lateral / medial epicondyle
- olecranon
- extensor carpi radialis longus
What do the dorsal and ventral rami of C5-T1 supply
- Dorsal rami: motor muscles of back and spine and skin of these areas
- Ventral rami: supply the 5 roots of the brachial plexus
Differentiate between dorsal and ventral root vs rami
dorsal root (sensory) and
ventral root (motor) come directly off the spinal cord
dorsal and ventral rami are mixed and contain both motor and sensory axons
Elbow joint
* joint type
* ligaments involved
* what 2 articulations make up the joint
- hinge
- ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligaments
- humeroulnar articulation
- humeroradial articulation
Identify the following on the humerus
* head
* anatomical neck
* surgical neck
* greater tubercle
* superior, middle, and inferior facets of the tubercle
* lesser tubercle
* intertubercular groove/sulcus/ bicipital groove
*deltoid tuberosity
* radial groove
* medial and lateral supracondylar ridges
* lateral and medial epicondyles
*trochlea
*capitulum
* olecranon fossa
* coronoid fossa
* radial fossa
What is the importance of the superior, middle, and inferior facets of the humerus?
they all are insertion points for different muscles
* superior: supraspinatus
* middle: infraspinatus
* inferior: teres minor
What is the importance of the lesser tubercle?
insertion point for anterior muscle subscapularis
what holds the tendon of the biceps brachii in place?
transverse humeral ligament
What is another name for the forearm
antebrachial region
Describe the radius and ulnar relative to each other
radius is lateral to the ulna
What tethers the radius and ulna together? What is another one of its functions?
interosseous membrane
transmits load from the wrist to the elbow and between the radius and ulna
Identify the following on the radius
* proximal end
* shaft (anterior, posterior, and medial/interosseous)
* distal end
* radial tuberosity
* radial styloid process
* ulnar notch
How can you tell the proximal to distal end of the radius
thinner in diameter at the top and wider toward the bottom
Identify the following on the ulna
* olecranon
* coronoid process
* trochlear notch
* ulnar tuberosity
* radial notch
* supinator crest
* ulnar styloid process
* head of ulna
Radioulnar joints
* joint type
* articulations
* ligaments
proximal radioulnar joint: head of radius and radial notch of the ulna
* stabilized by annular radial ligament
* pivot joint
distal radioulnar joint: ulnar notch of the radius and head of ulna
* anterior and posterior ligaments
* gliding joint
How many bones are there in each hand
27
* 8 carpal
* 5 metacarpal
* 14 phalanges
List the carpal bones from proximal to distal and lateral to medial
proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform,
distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
- articulations
- joint type
- movement permitted
metacarpophalangeal: proximal end of phalanx with the metacarpal distal ends
* condyloid type synovial
* flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
interphalangeal: between the phalanges
* hinge type
* flexion/extension
radiocarpal joint
* joint type
* formed by what bones
* what movements are permitted
- condyloid joint
- scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, distal end of radius
- distal radius and triquetrum articular indirectly through articular disc known as triangular fibrocartilage complex
- the ulna does not contribute to the wrist joint
- flexion/extension; abduction/adduction
intercarpal joints
* joint type
* what bones articulate here
plane type
carpal bones
occur between adjacent carpal bones in each row
midcarpal joint
* what is it
* what movement does it permit
complex joint between two rows of carpal bone
* primary joint invlved in radial and ulnar deviation at the wrist
carpometacarpal joints
* joint type
* what bones articulate here
- plane except thumb which is saddle joint
- distal surface of the carpal interacts with the proximal surface of the metacarpal
intermetacarpal joints
how metacarpal 2-4 articulate with one another
What are your tips to identify laterality and posterior/anterior view of the radius
anterior view: the radial styloid process points laterally (top of the triangle); the radial tuberosity should point medially. the anterior aspect of the distal end should appear smooth. if you see a tubercle, you’re viewing it from the back side
What are your tips to identify laterality and posterior/anterior view of the ulna
anterior view: olecranon fossa faces forward
left ulna: radial notch on right side and styloid process on left
right ulna: radial notch on left side and styloid process on right
What are your tips to identify laterality and posterior/anterior view of the humerus
anterior view: intertubulcar groove faces you
left humerus: head faces left
right humerus: head faces right
Identify the following on the scapula
* acromion
* articular facet of acromion
* coracoid process
* spine
* glenoid cavity
* infraglenoid tubercle
* supraglenoid tubercle
* borders (medial, lateral/axillary, superior)
* inferior angle
* lateral angle
* superior/medial angle
* infraspinous fossa
* supraspinous fossa
* subscapular fossa
