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326 > Abdomino-Pelvic Cavity > Flashcards

Abdomino-Pelvic Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

List the quadrants of the abdomino-pelvic cavity

A

right upper quadrant
left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant

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2
Q

Describe the superior and inferior borders of the abdominal viscera

A

superior: diaphragm

inferior: plane of the superior pelvic aperture - pelvic inlet (this is arbitrary. note that it is anatomically continuous)

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3
Q

function of the visceral ligaments

A

connect organs to one another and to the abdominal and pelvic wall

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4
Q

List the planes of the abdominal quadrants

A

median plane
transumbilical plane

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5
Q

List the 9 main regions of the abdomino-pelvic cavity

A

right and left hypochondrium region

right and left flank/ lumbar region

right and left inguinal region/ iliac region

epigastric
umbilical
pelvic or hypogastric

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6
Q

If someone has right lower quadrant pain, what organs could be affected?

A

appendix (appendicitis)
right uterine (fallopian) tube
cecum
most of ileum
ascending colon (inferior portion)
right ovary
right ureter: abdominal part
right spermatic cord: abdominal part
uterus (if enlarged)
urinary bladder (if very full)

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7
Q

If someone has left lower quadrant pain, what organs could be affected?

A

sigmoid colon
descending colon: inferior part
left ovary
left uterine tube
left ureter: abdominal part
left spermatic cord: abdominal part
uterus (if enlarged)
urinary bladder (if very full)

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8
Q

If someone has right upper quadrant pain, what organs could be affected?

A

liver: right lobe
gallbladder
stomach: pylorus
duodenum: parts 1-3
pancreas: head
right suprarenal gland
right kidney
right colic (hepatic) flexure
ascending colon: superior part
transverse colon: right half

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9
Q

If someone has left upper quadrant pain, what organs could be affected?

A

liver: left lobe
spleen
stomach
jejunum and proximal ileum
pancreas: body and tail
left kidney
left suprarenal gland
left colic flexure
transverse colon: left half
descending colon: superior part

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10
Q

What comprises the digestive system

A

digestive tract
liver
gallbladder
stomach
salivary glands
gastrointestinal tract

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11
Q

Is the spleen a digestive organ?

A

no

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12
Q

define cardia

A

where the esophagus joins the stomach

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13
Q

fundus

A

superior rounded part of an organ

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14
Q

why is the fundus hypodense on CT?

A

full of air generally

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15
Q

what are the 3 parts of the stomach

A

fundus
body
pyloric part (plyoric antrum and pyloric canal) / pylorus

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16
Q

What separates the stomach and duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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17
Q

What is the smooth muscle of the stomach called

A

gastric folds/gastric rugae

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18
Q

Describe how the stomach positioning can change based on build

A

when standing, the stomach descends dramatically when lean. If obese, the stomach will descend less so.

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19
Q

What is a possible reason why individuals whose stomachs descend when upright are less likely to be overweight?

A

increased satiety signals by this stretch

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20
Q

Where can you find the lesser and greater omentum in relation to the stomach

A

lesser omentum on the lesser curvature

greater omentum on the greater curvature

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21
Q

Omentum
* describe it
* give function (4)

A

a fold of peritoneum that extends from the stomach to cover majority of intestines and portions of liver. has rich blood supply

facilitates migration of immune cells into the peritoneal/abdominal cavity

stores fat

can form adhesions to physically walls of areas of inflammation (generally caused by infection or injury); prevents further damage to adjacent tissue and allows time and space for repair

used as a source of tissue for wound repair

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22
Q

parietal vs visceral peritoneum

A

parietal: lines the abdominal cavity

visceral: lines the organ

collectively called the peritoneum

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23
Q

Why are the kidneys considered a retroperitoneal organ

A

Posterior to the peritoneal space

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24
Q

Describe where the greater and lesser omentum attaches and its position

A

greater:
* extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and doubles back and attaches to the transverse colon
* hangs in a fold covering the small intestine

lesser:
* extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach
* attaches to both the liver and duodenum

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25
Q

List the parts of the small intestine and their quadrant location

A

duodenum: fixed (via peritoneum), thick walled right upper quadrant
jejunum: mostly left upper quadrant
ileum: left and right lower quadrants

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26
Q

Subdivisions of the duodenum

A
  • superior (most superior is intraperitoneal; then dips retroperitoneal)
  • descending
  • horizontal
  • ascending
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27
Q

What is the mesentery

What is the mesentery attached to. What is its function?

A

double layer of peritoneum and continuation and invagination of the visceral and parietal peritoneum

jejunum and ileum of small intestine

contains nerves and vessels that supply the small intestine

also, from textbook, tethers stomach, pancreas, spleen, and posteiror abdominal wall

28
Q

diverticula

A

tiny pouches that form in the colon as a person ages. non-problematic until they become inflammed (diverticulitis)

29
Q

what supplies the liver with nutrient rich (but oxygen poor) blood? What drains blood from the liver?

A

hepatic portal vein

hepatic vein –> inferior vena cava

30
Q

Where is bile stored and released

A

gall bladder (only stores, doesn’t make it)
bile duct

31
Q

What is another name for gallstones

A

cholelithiasis

32
Q

Spleen function

A
  • contains reservoir of leukocytes

*receives and slowly filters blood, to extract old/dysfunctional erythrocytes and perform immune surveillance

  • recycles hemoglobin components
33
Q

Why is the spleen vulnerable to trauma

A

superficial position

car crash, high speed collision

34
Q

What supplies the spleen

A

splenic artery, a branch of the celiac trunk

35
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta enter the abdominal cavity

A

T12 via diaphragmatic aortic hiatus

36
Q

Describe the path of travel of the abdominal aorta and its branches

A

travels anterior and left of the IVC to around L4 where it bifurcates into left and right common iliac arteries in the pelvis

most proximal: celiac trunk (left gastric artery, common hepatic, splenic artery)

next: superior mesenteric arteries - supplies large portion of intestines from duodenum to proximal two-thirds of transverse colon and pancreas

Next: renal arteries

distal: inferior mesenteric artery. supplies the remainder of the intestinal tract from the distal transverse colon through the rectum

37
Q

celiac trunk supplies the foregut via 3 main branches

A
  • The common hepatic artery (supplies liver)
  • The splenic artery (supplies spleen)
  • The left gastric artery (supplies stomach)
38
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply

A

digestive tract from lower duodenum through 2/3 of transverse colon as well as pancreas

39
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply

A

descending colon, the sigmoid
colon, and part of the rectum

40
Q

Where does the large and small intestine meet

A

ileocecal junction and ileocecal valve

41
Q

haustra

A

bumps of the large intestine

42
Q

tenia coli
* what are they
* function

A

compresses the colon longitudinally to propel solid waste through the large intestine

43
Q

appendix function

A

gut microbiome maturation

44
Q

List the parts of the large intestine

A

cecum (freely mobile, not attached to mesentery)
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
–> rectum and anus

45
Q

What part of the large intestine is closest to the liver

A

right colic flexure/hepatic flexure

46
Q

How can you visualize the large intestine on x ray?

A

With barium enema

47
Q

What separates the right and left lobe of the liver?

A

falciform ligament

48
Q

Where can you find the gallbladder

A

inferior to the right lobe

49
Q

List the 4 lobes of the liver

A

quadrate (anterior)
caudate (posterior)
right lobe
left lobe

50
Q

portal triad. What do they pierce in order to access the inferior portion of the liver

A

hepatic artery (oxygen rich blood)
hepatic portal vein (nutrient rich blood)
hepatic duct/common bile duct (drains bile from liver and gall bladder to duodenum)

Lesser omentum

51
Q

What are the branches of the common bile duct?

A

cystic duct (from gall bladder)
common hepatic duct (made up of left and right hepatic duct (from liver))

52
Q

Describe the path of bile

A

synthesized in the liver. right hepatic duct takes bile from right functional lobe and left hepatic duct takes bile from left functional lobe.

travels to common bile duct

combines with the pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla.

bile and pancreatic secretions drain from hepatopancreatic ampulla to duodenum at the major duodenal papilla which is gated by the sphincter of Oddi

accessory pancreatic duct empties pancreatic secretions into the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla

53
Q

When would the spleen grow in size

A

During infection

54
Q

Where can you find the spleen

A

Left upper quadrant
nestled against the posterolateral rib cage (9-11)

55
Q

describe gastrointestinal reflux disease

A

AKA GERD
inadequate closure of the lower esophageal sphincter causing acid and stomach contents to flow up esophagus

56
Q

pancreas
* function
* location

A

synthesizes and secretes enzymes into duodenum (via hepatopancreatic ampulla) to promote chemical digestion.

within the retroperitoneal cavity

inferior-posterior to the stomach between the duodenum and spleen

Insulin and glucagon are hormones produced by the pancreas that work together to regulate blood sugar levels:
Insulin: Lowers blood sugar levels by moving glucose from the blood into cells to be used for energy.
Glucagon: Raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to produce glucose.

57
Q

liver
* function (4)

A

produces bile to facilitate fat breakdown and absorption

blood sugar regulation (stores and produces glycogen)

processes amino acids (deamination)

removes toxins from blood (either by-products of metabolism and ingested toxins)

58
Q

Kidneys
* retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal
* what level can you find them
* which one sits higher and why
* function

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • T12-L3
  • left. right side is occupied by liver
  • filters water, salts, toxins, and other elements and minerals for return to the blood or excretion via ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
59
Q

What aspects of the urogenital system are in the abdominal vs pelvic cavity

A

abdominal: bilateral ureters and kidneys

pelvic cavity: urinary bladder and urethra

60
Q

Kidney parts functions
* renal capsule
* renal cortex
* renal medulla
* renal pyramids
* renal papillae (sing. papilla)
* minor and major calyces (sing. calynx)
* renal pelvis
* renal hilum
* nephron

A

*fibrous superficial capsule that covers kidneys
* primary site of ultrafiltration; contains the majority of the nephron
* layer deep to renal cortex
* within the renal medulla, layer of interrupted sections of tissue. interrupted by renal columns
* open to expel filtrate into minor calyx
* openings from the renal papillae. minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis
* centre of kidney; hollow and funnels filtrate into superior portion of ureters
* where renal arteries, veins, nerves, and ureters access the kidneys
* functional unit of the nephron

61
Q

ureters
* retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal

A
  • retro
62
Q

suprarenal glands
* location
* separated from kidneys via what
* what are the two parts called and their function

A
  • on top of each kidney
  • septum of renal fascia
  • suprarenal cortex (secretes corticosteroids and androgens into bloodstream) and suprarenal medulla (produces catecholamines incl. epinephrine to activate fight or flight)
63
Q

Renal system: label these
* Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
* Renal artery
* Renal vein
* Ureter
* Cortex
* Medulla
* Renal capsule
* Renal columns
* Renal pyramids
* Renal papilla
* Minor renal calyces
* Major renal calyx
* Renal pelvis

A
64
Q

Identify these:
* Renal corpuscle
* Proximal convoluted tubule
* Distal convoluted tubule
* Collecting tubules

A
64
Q

Describe the borders of the pelvic cavity

What does it contain?

A

roof: pelvic inlet/ superior pelvic aperture

floor: pelvic floor

Contents
* urinary bladder
* rectum
* reproductive organs

326 (32 decks)

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